Circumcision in South African Males vs Phillipino Males Essay

Comp atomic number 18 and line of credit the attitudes, beliefs and perspectives around a specific health issue amongst devil varied nation groups, and consider the implications of this for clinical or lodge practice. Introduction A controversial health issue around the area is male circumcision. manly circumcision is the removal of part of or the entire foreskin on the fellow member and is a controversial topic in umteen countries and across many antithetic religions. In this essay the beliefs, attitudes and perspectives of southwestward Afrifanny manpower go external be compared those of Philippine manpower roughwhat medical checkup male circumcision and traditionalistic male circumcision.Traditional circumcisions are normally acted outside of formal medical settings by providers who gestate a special training but are non health care professionals. Medical circumcision alternatively is performed by a medical professional in a medical setting. According to th e world health organisation (WHO), 30% of men worldwide work been circumcised, in general in developing countries where it takes place for spiritual and cultural causalitys (World Health brass section WHO, 2007a).Male circumcision is an important issue, especially in southerly Africa and the Philippines, as three world countries as it can be uses as a partial tone preventative measure against HIV infection. Description of population groups The cardinal population groups I chose were southern African men and Filipino men. I chose South African men as one of my population groups because while canvass circumcision I noticed in that respect was a lot of literature on the topic in relation to South Africa and surrounding nations and the effects it has on preventing HIV transmission.I found this population group enkindle because in South Africa even though there is clear benefits in trim down HIV transmission and great publicity around the benefits only 35% of men were circumc ised (WHO, 2007a). Furtherto a greater extent in researching this topic I discovered triplex reasons why men chose to get circumcised, one reason was purely so they werent uncircumcised witch I found strange. This was the case in the Philippines, where 90% of all men are circumcised, and most saying there reason for being circumcised was so they werent uncircumcised (Lee, 2006).I found this reasoning interesting and decided to explore this shade for my second population group. If circumcision can load the chances of transmitting HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases as nearly as reduce penile cancer it is important to understand different cultures beliefs and attitudes toward the procedure to encourage circumcision within the culture. It is also good to understand why some cultures waste such(prenominal) high rate of circumcision compared to other cultures and countries as it may foster develop strategies to promote circumcision countries with lower evaluate.South Afric a In South Africa 57. 2% of circumcised men had traditional circumcisions and 42. 8% were medically circumcised (Connolly, Simbayi, Shanmugam, & group A Nqeketo, 2008). Amongst this circumcised population, the majority of the medically circumcised men were white (97. 8%) or Indian (92. 8%), compared with traditional circumcision which was mostly Black South Africans (Connolly et al. , 2008). In South Africa, more than than specifically within the Black South African participation circumcision is done for religious and cultural reasons (Peltzer & angstrom unit Kanta, 2009).It is seen as a religious rite that marks the passage from boyhood to manhood for the adolescent. The run commonly requires boys to spend about a month in induction camps in seclusion away from women and outsiders. If they break down there creation into man hood they are retrieved to be stuck as a boy for the rest of their life. The rite is considered by the community as a sacred custom (Peltzer & Kanta , 2009). Traditionally this ritual involved traditional circumcisions and traditional initiation, however more recently some communities have allowed medical circumcision followed by traditional initiation into manhood.However there is a hostile relationship between men who were traditionally circumcised and men who were medically circumcised. While most men ac make outledge medical circumcision is safer and know the benefits it has in helping prevent HIV and sexually transmitted disease, they business concern that they will be ridiculed by peers and stigmatised as cowards and not viewed as true(a) men for having the procedure done under anaesthesia (Peltzer & Kanta, 2009, p. 91). They believe that the pain makes the boys courageous, strong men and is a passage into manhood, where they can have a wife and kids.Philippines On the other hand, in the Philippines very some men are circumcised for religious or cultural reasons. Boys are usually circumcised between the ages of five and eighteen with most being circumcised between go and fourteen (Lee, 2006). Most boys report being circumcised good so they are not uncircumcised, to avoid teasing and stigma in the community. Many Filipino men believe women prefer circumcised males, and therefor to be manlike and have a wife and children it is preferable to be circumcised.Similar to South African beliefs Filipino boys become circumcised because they do not want to be seen as cowards for not having the courage to go through with(predicate) the pain and anxiety associated with the forge (Lee, 2006, p. 228). Filipino men also report get circumcised because it was their parents orders or they were threa ecstasyed with a beating if they chose not to or because it was just normal for a boy his age to and his friends were getting it done.Many men report being nervous for the procedure but excited to carry through the man hood they have anticipated. Most of the Filipino men submit to this hearty culture because they want to be seen as masculine and not as a coward. It is a social phenomenon, propelled by individuals need to adjust and gain acceptance through this procedure by acquiring a range of masculine related traits and opportunities (Lee, 2006). Comparison of population groupsWhile the two countries have different religions and cultural views, the striking similarity between the two population groups is that they both view the practice of circumcision and the pain and anxiety associated with this process as empowering to the men. Fulfilment of this ritual enhances psycho-social health because it frees them of ridicule and stigma as a coward (Lee, 2006, p. 228). Being circumcised means men from both cultures are considered masculine and thusly allows them to carry out tasks that are believed to be masculine such as having a family.However circumcision in South Africa is seen as a rite of passage and a sacred ritual that allows boys to become me and usually occurs later in life around the age of seventeen to black flag but even as late as twenty-six (Mavundla, Netswera, Bottoman, & Toth, 2009). Whereas, in the Philippines the procedure is more of a social effort, done because everyone else is getting it performed. It is also performed much earlier, most commonly between the age of ten and fourteen in the Philippines.South Africa have a more spiritual and deeper reasoning for having the procedure done, men display a deeper more informed reasoning for having the procedure compared to Filipino men, who tend to follow the social trend (Mavundla et al. , 2009). With so many Filipino men circumcised (90%) the social trend comprise strong and the even with new knowledge about risks and benefits the majority go on to get the procedure done (Lee, 2009), while in South Africa with more information coming out more people are opting for medical circumcision with over 130 000 medical circumcisions being performed in 2010 (WHO, 2011).There is a growing trend in South Africa to have medical circumcision, whereas in the Philippines the process in considered outside the general realm of medicine and therefore is not performed in medical settings. While they have different culture and beliefs, and go about performing the procedure differently there primary(prenominal) motive to be masculine is common amongst both population groups. expirationThe advantages associated with being circumcised show great potential to help lower the rates of HIV and sexually transmitted disease in South Africa if more men are circumcised. The cultural transition into manhood is a barrier to overcome as medical circumcision is believed to interfere with this process. If however medical circumcision became more of a social norm as it is viewed in the Philippines, more boys would be inclined to have the procedure to fit in with the rest of the community.The social normality of the process seems to have a greater influence on boys preference then cultural or religious rea sons, as 90% of Filipino men are circumcised compared to 35% of South African men (Lee, 2006 WHO, 2007a).Guidelines South Africa * Conducting community based education and information sessions on the health risks and problems associated with traditional circumcision, and how allowing medical circumcision followed by traditional initiation can reduce these risks. Train more male nurses who can perform the circumcision since most nurses in South Africa are female and boys going through initiation are not allowed contact with women because if they see women during this time they fail there initiation into man hood.* Understand the communitys precept for the ritual circumcision and work with the community to find alternative solutions together, and trying to help reduce the stigma associated with men being medically circumcised with alternative ays to demo their strength. Philippines * Developing circumcision clinics throughout the Philippines where boys can have the procedure perform ed in seemly hygienic conditions. * Giving boys information about the risks and benefits of the procedure so they can more meaningfully decide to have to procedure done * justify the procedure, and offer pain medication so that boy dont have to feel so nervous about what is happening and have a better understanding of what going to happen.