McNeal Book Review Final Essay

AbstractThis paper w sickly constitute a check into of Practicing Greatness 7 assorts of Extraordinary Spiritual leaders,1 with attention given to the crystalises themselves, as well as the rationale and method that McNeal believes give lead to leading success. The make for begins with a quotation from Elton Trueblood that flocks the t maven for the books contents. Trueblood demesnes that discuss mediocrity is a sin,2 and to be mediocre is to be with bulge discipline. McNeal penned this work to highlight the disciplines that lead to coarseness, both spiritual and in attractionship. Interestingly, the listedDisciplines require a course of action on the part of the reader and this implies non existence idle or in the words of Trueblood, mediocre. The Disciplines comprise s level chapters and be noned as follows The discipline of selfaw beness is crucial as it safeguards the leader against unhealthy views of self and pauperizations as well as from task oriented rather than populate oriented. The discipline of self way supports the claim that great leaders are great managers, not unless of others entirely, primarily and chiefly, of themselves.The discipline of self festering is indicative of all great leaders. They will neer stop learning and developing. The discipline of mission honors the craving of great leaders to sacrifice themselves to great causes. The discipline of decision devising institutes great leaders apart from good or average leaders. The discipline of belonging characterizes great leaders ability to retain and nurture material relationships that in turn nurture their lives. The discipline of al unitaryness celebrates great leaders ability and grace not only to windupure the loneliness of leadership but to actually build solitude into their lives.The over-arching theme of the book, is the spiritual leader that is truly great, achieves that distinction not for what they do for themselves or even as a way to become recogn ized as great leaders. Their end game is ab bug out expanding the kingdom of idol.3 Great leaders are cognizant of their inner selves and the signals they send to others via actions. In Boundaries, Cloud and Townsend list iv boundary personalities that can derail a leaders ability to defy trust and influence in those they lead. These boundaries are noted as Complaints, Avoidants, Controllers and Non-responsives.4 To augment the above, McNeal cites Gary McIntosh and Samuel Rimas identification of the leaders dark-side comprised of the following characteristics1. Compulsive Leaders2. Narcissistic Leaders3. Paranoid Leaders4. Co-dependent Leaders5McNeal notes that Great leaders are great managersnot just managers of projects or other people but mostly of themselves.6 Yet they are also distributors of blessing and rise7 with their work done in humility and in a servant mentality, guaranteeing extraordinary characterand exceptional competence developed over time.8 The cause writes w ith people in view first, and then delves into the varied aspects of leadership based on the disciplines listed in the contents of the book. McNeal draws from years of ministry and program line experience to demonstrate from Scripture that biblical leadership is possible if one is pull outted to looking at themselves in light of what Scripture states go steadying our condition. received patterns and preconceptions must be dealt with before change can be utilise and McNeal provides support from biblical characters who, while not perfect, heeded sound experience and in condition(p) from experiences so that they would be capable to become prepared for what paragon had mean for them to do. In this regard, McNeal states that all spiritual leaders must flesh out superlatives to distinguish the essence of their call from God to ministry. Questions to be asked in this regard below, will aid the future/current leader in providing answers to inquires he/she might give regarding th eir present ministry or avocationa. What people or cause do you feel drawn to?b. What do you want to financial aid people do or achieve or experience?c. How do you want to answer people?d. What message do you want to represent?e. How do you intend to serve or meet an impact on the world? f. Why did you say yes to God to begin with?9Mc Neal expounds on leadership and those who will seek to carry it out. the work is not overtly religious, yet it is balanced in the biblical references included. The illustrations of real people in real situations and with real leadership styles are instrumental in bringing clarity and centralise to an exhaustive subject. The pen has clearly demonstrate his objectives set out in the introduction, and has provided examples for leadership that are able to be implemented in all business applications and not merely the perform only. This work is to be commended for anyone interested in not only what makes leaders great but as well, how they arrived a t the summit and are able to remain there. Two things are clear from a complete construe of this book 1. Great spiritual leaders are committed consciously and intentionally to the spiritual disciplines 2. Great leaders feel blessed, postulate an posture of gratitude and commit chosen excellence before God and men.Response one(a) major living experience that this book triggered involves the section of Managing Expectations in The Discipline of Self-Management.10 I had recently been promoted to assistant manager at my place of economic consumption where I was to be responsible for the implementation of new sales protocols. In schooling McNeal, and in retrospect, I make that because an understanding of self-awareness was lacking, I set expectations so high my natural and learned abilities could not stay even with them. I failed in goals I set and therefore lost reliance in my ability to manage others who worked under me. I knew that there were things which were defame in how I was doing things yet I could not figure it out.I arrived at the point where I felt that I would become ill anytime I had to make decisions on the job. I sat down and cried because things seemed to have no solution where it seemed, I was able to find solutions and fix things. I remember hearing a preacher once who was inform on the wisdom of God and the finiteness of the mind of men. I took my Bible out and went to the concordance where I searched for words and phrases relating to wisdom, mind and neckledge, and I was led to Proverbs 35-6 which states to 5 Trust in the Lord with all thine heart and hunt not unto thine own understanding. 6 In all thy ways agnize him, and he shall direct thy paths (KJV).After studying these verses, I realized that not only was I lacking understanding of self-awareness, I was lacking in acknowledging God faith to the full considering his infinite wisdom and sovereignty. This was the point where I had to yield my sins of ingratitude and ignorance o f God and his power and wisdom. I knew in my heart that I would have to pray and listen to God through his Word to a greater extent than I ever had and I knew that I would have to be make grow so that I would not find it easy to revert to where I had been before in my working life without him.ReflectionOne question that immediately came to my mind the further I went in this book was wherefore McNeal did not incorporate more Scripture references than he did, or at the least alluded to? The disciplines of extraordinary spiritual leaders, one might think, would be imbed in Scripture with an excursus into what these disciplines entail. Were the decision left to me, I would havedrawn especially from the teachings of Christ and from various leaders found inwardly the pages of the sacred text.11 In retrospect, McNeal gave considerable attention to various disciplines within the teaching (illustrating) and ministry (practical) of Christ yet the reader would likely desire more from the a uthor in these regards than what he did present. There were areas of this work that read more as a psychological development course than the dynamics of spiritual development as the sanctified life of the leader will become evident within his or her duties regardless the arena they work in. In reading and discussing this book with my husband, I feel that a sense of balance would have been achieved were McNeal delved a bit more into biblical application of the topics he presented throughout.In equipment casualty of fleshing out the ordinary from the extraordinary, McNeal provides generous circumstances and situations from his own ministry life to demonstrate that any aspect of self-awareness and development hinge upon how the person views him/her-self in light of the truth. These truths are the non-negotiable prima fasciae of obedience to God and his will. In terms of readability, this work does not pose difficulty in determining where the author is headed in his teaching. The mai n issue is that more references to biblical characters might help to balance the illustrations of modern day people within various ministry or organizational structures.ActionOne of the first things I aim to follow out in my life is to focus more on God and his wisdom rather than my own. It is so easy and tempting to second guess what one should do to achieve desired results and more often than not, I have been guilty of over-guessing what I should do to the point that I am correcting every aspect of something to the point of micro-management and monarchial temperament. In the second place, I must set aside daily and consistent times to be alone with God in prayer and meditation on him rather than myself and my needs. I realize that most issues may be solved with remembering that he must increase while I decrease (Jn. 330). The power of God is not going to be neither availed nor prevalent if one does not fully relinquish the reins of their life to him, thus following rather than lea ding him.The above can have no time-table for mensuration, so it seems best to state that it is a daily discipline that only grows and developsproperly over a course of time never ending. My ministry now and in the future will very likely utilize vast sections of this work with a focus on the three Selfs Self-Awareness, Self-Management and Self-Development. I must commit to long-term developed and sustained growth interspersed with bench-marks as a measurement to demonstrate that I am growing and ministering properly.The people I will eventually teach and lead have a function to know what will be expected of them they also have a right to point out the missteps leaders can make. Here is where I need to be receptive to criticism and rebuke not wearing my emotions on my sleeve, rather, considering what is being said and then praying to God for the mind to take the undeniable steps to corrective action and further development. I know where I am at now, even if I have not fully figur ed out everything about myself. I do anticipate a long road ahead toward restructuring and complete discipline yet I believe that the race does not belong to the swift, but to those who will never quit (Eccl. 911).BibliographyMcNeal, Reggie. Practicing Greatness 7 Disciplines of Extraordinary Spiritual Leaders. San Francisco, CA Jossey-Bass, 2006.

Oprah Winfrey Commencement Speech Essay

Oprahs interview was very receptive of her mainly because she is a respected flick cook sexn all over America. The listening was a group of various(a) faculty, staff, graduates, family and friends. When Oprah started her talking to welcoming the audience, she gave them an icebreaker saying she wanted to let them in on a secret to personalize her speech. She lets the audience know that her immortal daughter Kirby attends Stanford and she is very proud of her. Oprah uses belief throughout her speech as she says the name Stanford engaging the audience as she speaks. She gives personal experience in her speech to lay down her audience that she too had experiences throughout college that could take on hindered her from world the icon she is today.Oprah uses long eye contact throughout her speech. She did not rede word for word what was on her paper because most of her speech was establish off her experience as a student in the chivalric at the beginning of the speech. She ga ve quotes of her father and B.B. King about learning that is beautiful. She lets the graduates know that your education had just started. Her speech lead on to elaborate on how the world has so many lessons to teach. She lets the audience know that earth is standardized a school and our lives are the classrooms. Life will have detours and street block but the secret to learn to be open to the lessons. self improvement will help evolve as human beings.Oprah speaks with an inviting measure keeping her audience enmeshed. Even though the speech is lengthy, Oprah was not repetitive. She explained a few life lessons of her own journey but still gave humor as she spoke about the main lessons of her speech. The audience was still engaged throughout her speech. Oprah was very familiar with her speech content. She spoke as if she was graduating herself and speechmaking like she would want to be spoken to as a graduate. Oprahs posture was appropriate and the gestures she uses with her ha nds and tone of her voice made the speech stand out more towards her audience.The overall tone of the message was exciting, jolly and receptive. Oprahs speech was spoken to relate to those who were not graduates also. She wantsthe audience to deduct that a degree is important and you can not allow yourself or others to defer you of a goal or dream. The speech Oprah gave was ethical. She realized the absolute majority of her audience was of the white race and she included her own racial experiences in her speech with the stories she shared. Her own experiences made up the entire speech. The graduates seemed like they were perceive and understanding the speech based off the feedback they gave after she spoke. There were interactions from the audience when Oprah spoke about how she made it as the icon talk show host.Oprah conveys to her audience to learn that life is more than just making money. You have to earn it and making money has to have meaning. If you do not have meaning in making your money and making a inequality to the world then money doesnt matter. Oprah shows much inspiration in her speech that should make the audience aspire to be like her or even more. Overall, Oprah did a great job catering to the diverse audience with her speech. It did not seem rehearsed, she gave eye contact and her audience seemed engaged in her speech for the 30 minutes I analyzed it. She did a great job and kept me engaged myself.

Dr. Roylott Character Analysis

How is Dr Roylott presented to the subscriber in The Speckled Band? Through go forth the story, Roylott is overall presented as threatening, severe and a sharp man. This quite a little be identified through his appearance, conduct and motives, there is also evidence of this personality in the story. Also, Conan Doyle uses various phrases and oral communication to describe him which suggests the man to be dangerous. When describing Dr Roylott ,Conan Doyle uses strong give voices to mould an characterization of him in the readers mind to be a horrible person.Phrases such as a large face, seared with a thousand wrinkles, burned sensationalistic with the sun, and marked with every evil resentment groundwork suggest a lot of things. a large face simply fire portion out the image of quite a large or strong person, this can give the idea that Roylott is towering over everyone else and not someone who loses in physical or vocal arguments due to his threatening and fearsome bui ld. heat with a thousand wrinkles can show a serious and self-assertive man and if we were to go deeper on this point, it could therefore show that he whitethorn be a man who is impatient and has a short temper.The word seared is normally utilise when something burns onto something else so when used in this context it adds a feeling of anger to Dr Roylotts character. Evil passion can suggest two things, one is that he is an evil man which can be supported by actions through out the story and passion shows he is someone who is quite relentless and sadistic because passion is much used to describe someone who is dedicated and interested with something. the door had abruptly been dashed open and a huge man had framed himself in the aperture the words suddenly and dashed shows Roylott to be impatient, selfish and irrespective of others round him. He clearly isnt scared of anyone as suddenly suggests him to be convinced(p) most him self as he doesnt care near any one. he has no friends at all save the world(a) gypsies this can show a sense of loneliness and recluse about Roylotts character. This can lead to the reader thinking he may be quite dangerous because if you have no friends you tend to not be a very nice person. Among some other quotes, apart from effective being trong and threatening he is portrayed intelligently and slyly. Quotes such as He is so cunning that I never knew when I am safe from him shows as well as being strong and quite psychotic, he is able to keep his thoughts in order and not ever be aggressive which makes him even more dangerous. cunning is often used to describe bewilderes and Roylott does not have any resemblance to a fox but this is what makes the quote so effective because it shows the variety of things he is overt of. Also, a quite simple observation of Roylott is he is a load which shows he is intelligent and also supports the fact that he is cunning.In the story, Roylott had beaten his native-born butler to deat h and narrowly fly a capital fourth dimension and this shows a large area of Roylotts character. The fact that he beat his native butler to death obviously shows he is not afraid of cleaning another human being but the fact that he escaped a capital sentence shows he is important and respected by some and also supports the point that he is intelligent as hes skilful enough to escape the sentence. The reason why Dr Roylott murdered Julia was the intention that he would gain money which shows his greediness and the extent he would go to to get in what he wants.Also, when he meets Holmes he treats him with hostility and bends a vane poker into a curve and throws it into the fire. He also calls Holmes the meddler and threatens him and tells him to keep out of his business. When he calls him the meddler it may show that although Roylott is intelligent, anger can dr give his intelligent out because if he was intelligent he would not call Holmes the meddler and suggests he was up to something and didnt wants Holmes to know anything about.Generally Dr Roylott is portrayed very negatively and equivocal through out the book in a way that the reader will grow to hate him, this creates the ending climax when Roylott is killed by his own crime and wrong intentions. Through out the book his character is easy revealed to be bold, threatening, intelligent and strong, these merge to create his character and gives more misfortune to the mysteries of the main events through out the

Policy and Performance of Indian Education Essay

In terms of demographic profile, India lies one of the youngest states in the homo with 38.2% of its world in the 0-5 family historic period bracket. This translates into the Indian Education system beingness one of the largest studyal systems glob all told toldy with a network of more than 1.2 mn takes and around 31,000 Higher learning institutes. Education, being one of the important determinants of man welfare of any nation, the GoI has accorded priority for the promotion of upbringing in particular simple & tributary education in India. Correspondingly, the governments spend on education as a percentage of GDP stood at 3% while method of accounting for 11.3% as a proportion of all globe expenditure. How ever, the GoI is faced with several hurdles in terms of perceptiveness crossways all education segments viz Pre- school, K-12, Higher education etc as well as reaching expose to the students in tier-III cities and rural areas.The GoI has in that respectfore emphasised on Public Private Partnership (PPP) in education so as to augment the literacy range from 74% as per the Census 2011. The educational segments i.e. Pre-school, K-12, training & Technology (ICT) in schools and Higher education form the important constituents of the Indian education. Of the same, the Pre- school market in India passive remains generally unincorporated and under-penetrated. However, the ease of setting-up of pre-schools as well as the growing acceptability of pre-school supposition in India augurs well for the industry. The K-12 institutes in India largely remain governed by the GoI accounting for 80.2% of the replete(p) 13.5 lakh schools in India. Of late, with greater interest evinced by the underground corporates/ trusts / educational societies etc, the share of private institutions in the K-12 s railway yard has grown from 18.9% in FY07 to 19.8% during FY11.The scope of ICT in schools has also gained prominence in recent clock through GoIs prog rammes such(prenominal) as Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA), ICT take aims etc. The penetration of ICT in schools however remains woeful especially owing to the slower pace of such roll-outs in the government owned or aided K-12 schools. In case of Higher education institutes, the not-for-profit mandate coupled with the requirement of connexion from multiple regulatory bodies such as UGC, AICTE etc proves to be a roadblock for the entry of private institutes.However, in view of the rising entrys in spirited education coupled with the growing variety of educational streams, the private sector participation is anticipate to grow to catch in the growing penetration levels. CARE inquiry expects the size of the Indian Education System at US$ 102.1 bn with CAGR of 11.2% during FY11-15. Apart from the growth of educational segments as mentioned above, CARE Research expects the new(prenominal) trends such as GoIs orientation towards PPP, entry of corporates and un care educational ins titutions (especially in K-12 & Higher education), growing focus on the hold education mode of learning and growing acceptability of the vocational courses to remain the key drivers to the growth of education in India.IntroductoryBeginning with a brief statement on the educational situation on the eve of independence, In spite of all that had been achieved under the British Rule, we began our Freedom on a fairly low level of attainment in education in almost all respects. We then had 17 universities and 636 colleges (With a good instrument of 238,000 students), 5,297 secondary schools with 870,000 students, implying that not until now one youth in every twenty in the age-group 14-17 was in school, 12,843 shopping center schools with two zillion pupils and 1,72,661 primary schools with quaternityteen cardinal students (which implied that only when one child out of every three in the age-group 6-11 was in school). Vocational and technical education was but poorly developed, b oth at the school and university stages, and the supply of high level trained scientific man-power was very limited.Educational inequalities were very large, especially amongst one region and another, surrounded by urban and rural areas, between men and women, and between the advanced and intermediate castes on the one leave and the scheduled castes and tribes on the other. The standards of education were generally unsatisfactory, especially at the school stage, with too much of emphasis on English and too smallish stress on mathematics, science or the Indian languages. The percentage of literacy was only about fourteen and the total educational expenditure was just about Rs. 570 million or less than half a per cent of the theme income. It was this challenging situation which the nation was called upon to reform whenit keptits first parcelling with destiny in 1947.The advanced(a) school system was brought to India, including the English language, sooner by Lord Thomas Babing ton Macaulay in the 1830s. The curriculum was restrain to modern subjects such as science and mathematics, and subjects like metaphysics and philosophy were considered unnecessary. Teaching was confined to classrooms and the link with nature was broken, as also the close relationship between the teacher and the student.POLICYThe Uttar Pradesh (a state in India) carte du jour of High School and Intermediate Education was the first Board set up in India in the year 1921 with jurisdiction over Rajputana, Central India and Gwalior. In 1929, the Board of High School and Intermediate Education, Rajputana, was established. Later, boards were established in some of the states. solely eventually, in 1952, the constitution of the board was amended and it was renamed Central Board of secondary coil Education (CBSE). All schools in Delhi and some other regions came under the Board. It was the run short of the Board to decide on things like curriculum, textbooks and examination system for al l schools affiliated to it. Today there are thousands of schools affiliated to the Board, both within India and in many other countries from Afghanistan to Zimbabwe. Universal and compulsory education for all children in the age group of 6-14 was a cherished dream of the newfangled government of the Republic of India. This is evident from the fact that it is incorporated as a directive policy in article 45 of the constitution.But this accusatory remains far away even more than half a century later. However, in the recent past, the government appears to lose taken a serious note of this lapse and has made primary education a Fundamental Right of every Indian citizen. The pressures of economic growth and the not bad(p) scarcity of skilled and trained manpower must certainly open played a role to concord the government take such a step. The expenditure by the Government of India on school education in recent years comes to around 3% of the GDP, which is recognized to be very low . In recent times, several major announcements were made for exploitation the poor state of affairs in education sector in India, the most notable ones beingthe National Common Minimum course (NCMP) of the United Progressive Alliance (UPA) government.The announcements are (a) To come onively affix expenditure on education to around 6 percent of GDP. (b) To support this increase in expenditure on education, and to increase the quality of education, there would be an imposition of an education cess over all central government taxes. (c) To get wind that no one is denied of education due to economic backwardness and poverty. (d) To make right to education a fundamental right for all children in the age group 614 years. (e) To universalize education through its flagship program such as Sarva Siksha Abhiyan and Mid DayMarket OverviewIndia has the worlds largest population in the age bracket 5 to 24 years of about 450 million. It also has around 500 million in the 25 to 59 age bracke t which constitutes the workings population and is expected to continuously increase even as the worlds working population ages and diminishes. This phenomenon will make India a supplier of workforce to the built-in world. In the wake of this reality, the Indian education system should therefore be able to produce a workforce which is globally competitive and and then reap its demographic dividend.Literacy in India is one of the key deterrents to socioeconomic progress of the country. The Indian literacy rate currently stands at 74% compared to 12% at the end of British rule in 1947. Although there has been a half dozen fold growth, the level is well below the world average literacy rate of 84%, and India currently has the largest illiterate population compared to any other nation in the world. A quick look at testify 1 below provides an insight into the current literacy levels of Indians. Therefore, as India moves ahead on the room of globalization, it needs to overhaul its e ducation system to meet the future demands. document LevelsDespite having the largest Kindergarten to Grade 12 (K- 12) population globally, India has a low enrolment rate in schools, especially at the senior secondary level. The enrolment percentage has fallen from 113% atprimary to 81% at middle school and then to 31% at secondary & higher secondary levels. Low enrolment and high drop-out rates are caused by low availability of schools in rural areas, low awareness, and prevalence of child force back amongst lower income strata. The enrolment percentage is calculated as the ratio of total numbers of students enrolled in specified grades to total number of children in that age group. At the primary level this is upwards of 100%, as even children greater than 11 years of age are enrolled in Grades 1-5. This is largely a rural phenomenon prevalent in Govt. schools across the country.Key fractionsThe Indian Education sector can be segmented under four broad heads, namely, Schooling, Higher Education, Vocational Education & Skill Development and Ancillary. The Exhibit 3 below provides an overview of the various education segments and their respective subsegments.Schooling SegmentThe schooling segment covers the largest population of our society as compared to any other form of education. The segment is also the largest education segment valued at USD 44 billion in 2011 and is expected to reach USD 144 bn by the year 2020. The market size of its various sub-segments with growth rates and projections for the year 2020 is mentioned in Exhibit 4.Out-of-School Children The number of out-of-school children has declined from 25 million in 2003 to 8.1 million in mid2009. The most significant improvements have been in Bihar, Jharkhand, Manipur and Chhattisgarh. The percentage of out-of-school children in highly populated states like Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Orissa and Bihar remains a cause of concern. Social Inclusion Although there have been significant improvements in the proportion of children from socially disadvantaged groups in school, persistence gaps remain. Girls are still less likely to enroll in school than boys in 2005, for upper primary school (Grades 6-8) girls enrolment was still 8.8 points lower than boys, for Scheduled Tribes (ST) the gender gap was 12.6 points and 16 points for Scheduled Castes (SC).In addition, ST and SC children are less likely to access their right to 8 years of schooling the drop-out rate for ST children being 62.9% and 55.2% for SC children compared to a internal average of 48.8% leaving school before completing Grade 8.

Land Grab Essay

Agricultural Investment, and the Scramble for Food Security by Michael Kugelman and Susan L. Levenstein, has pop the questioned us deep, multi-positional insight presented by a boniface of authors with valid sources on one of the most interesting phenomenons happening within our current frugal system.From the surface it collectms to be talking about how developed feed- secure nations argon buying up swaths of farmlands from the worlds most pabulum- insecure countries, but after a deeper look into the intensity, this phenomenon and its complexities is much greater than that. There are twelves chapters in this book, each chapter written by a different author or authors, getting into different aspects and perspectives of this so called Land Grabbing issue.The first chapter (introduction) is written by Michael Kugelman, followed by some history by Derek Byerlee, an overview by David Hallam, social and economic mplications by Alexandra Spieldoch and Sophia Murphy, environmental i mpacts by Laura A. German, Wouter M. J. Achten, and Manuel R. Guariguata, investors perspectives by Gary R. Blumenthal, improving outcomes by commiseration Meinzen-Dick and Helen Markelova, regional perspectives on Africa, Asia, Latin America, Central and east Europe and the spring Soviet Union by Chido Makunike, Raul Q. Montemayor, Bastiaan P. Reydon and Vitor B.Fernandes, Carl Atkin respectively, and finishes off with Recommendations and Conclusion by Michael Kugelman. The boundary Land Grab used on the book cover and in its pages depicts a big(p) owerful foreign entity that acquire fully grown amounts of land that is unremarkably used by topical anaesthetic poor communities to produce food and/or provide otherwise essential basic human needs. These communities are oft displaced soon after because they are banned from the site in which they cast cultivated and lived off of. This term (Land Grab) is used quite fittingly as Michael Kugelman and Susan L.Levensteins positio n on this matter is quite critical and essentially focused on the inequalities and other unseemly effects of this phenomenon. That cosmos said, the book still does mention a few xamples where there was a can positive outcome from these ample land leasing transactions. The book withal accepts whats happening and takes on a very realistic way of advent this issue. First, we must acknowledge the underlying causes. The first major event that nave make significant impact on this global farmland market was the food crises in 2007 and 2008.The global prices of food has spiked, riots incur increased, and export bans have been created to come about the availability and the prices of food low within exporting nations. This created a bulky task for importing nations as their food security as be undermined. The richer importing nations quickly started looking abroad to lease land for food security. These large scale land transactions, however, is not a new phenomenon, non-food commod ities such(prenominal) as tea and rubber has been produced on leased land for a long time, but the amount of land being acquired by these large entities have never increased so dramatically in the past.Estimates of 203 jillion hectares to 230 million hectares of land have been approved or is under talks from 2000-2010. That is roughly the size of Western Europe. With increases of urbanization (taking ver farmland), population, food consumption, bio-fuel consumption, droughts, and the temperature rising causing decreases in yields, it does not seem like this land grabbing trend exit stop any time soon. Of course when talking about declareant causes, we cant omit the incentives for the host countries better technology, more local employment, better farm yields, better infrastructure, and most of all, money in the hosts pockets.As a matter of fact, because of this money making opportunity, a down of these nations are leasing with very lax regulations, tax incentives, tax holiday s and other perks and benefits such as Pakistans 100,000 men security depict to defend the leased land. So the premise is set, and since were currently embedded in this economic system, theres no running away from it, at least not for a long time coming. So what is the problem? That we have to take a closer look at these courtship studies. The case studies presented in the book are focused on the mark regions of investments from a descending order Africa, South E.Asia, Latin America, Central/ Eastern Europe, and former Soviet Union. The key investors would include but is not limit to capital rich food importing nations such as the Arab States of the Iranian Gulf, China, Japan, South Korea, and India, it as well includes agricultural business firms from the West. The book also mentions that it isnt always the capital rich countries that are investing in these large swaths of lands, North Africa for example is investing in Sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asian nations are inves ting in each others soils. similar trends in these case studies show up repeatedly benefits to local communities are for the most part not materializing, many local communities have been displaced (Ex. A British project in Uganda displaced roughly 20,000 people), arge quantities of fresh water is being consumed, and deforestation is rapidly occurring (Ex. Sub-Saharan Africas palm oil yield have caused 100% deforestation rates). These trends should not be surprising as most of the host governments and investors are in the market purely for egotism interest and show tiny regard to the impacts ot poor local communities and the environment.These adverse effects creates a problem of conflict between the people and the large entities in these land transactions. We can see these conflicts in Madagascar (South Koreas propagate to buy 1. 3 million hectors of farmland sparked widespread rotests in 2009 to gravel down the government), Uganda (Indian corporate investment in Uganda farmland has sparked violent responses), and Kenya (Kenyans have vowed to fight back violently after being evicted to accommodate a sugar syllabustation).It is no wonder now that Pakistan has offered 100,000 men security force to protect the leased land. And with this 100,000 men security force, we can also see extent of disregard for these poor local local communities. The book ends with a more optimistic perspective on this matter. It is very realistic as it provides ways to make these transactions better, and morally Just for veryone. It talked a little about the increase in transparency on this subject. It itself has brought light to the domain and continues to do so.But not only do the authors want to inform academics, policy makers, business people, and the general public, I believe that the authors of the book also hopes to encourage better provisions for hiring locals, selling the food back to local communities (a few case studies in Asia has shown that this trend has occurred and the benefits to local communities have very materialized this gives us a little more hope for the future fore of us), and protecting the environment.Hopefully the book will also have provided adequate information to influence host countries to create more robust laws and regulations and offer to support small holders (host countries are a lot more restrictive on small holders than big investors) so these local communities are not completely exploited (studies suggest that small holders are a lot more efficient, environmental friendly, and morally Just compared to big holders). The book also gives sheds a bit of light on alternatives such as drought resistant farming technology/methods (less reliant to farm abroad) and Asias plan to form of rice pools so less entities gets compromised.

Love and Dedication in The Old Man and the Sea

There are two unique kindreds that are touched upon in the novella The emeritus Man and the Sea by Ernest Heming look. The first relationship is the geniusship and issue that occurs between the old realitykind, Santiago and his young play along, Manolin. They engage bonded over the years in a unique father-son relationship. The other remark fitting relationship that the story emphasizes is the one between Santiago and the lean. It is apparent the whole love that Santiago feels for his adversary. Through these two relationships, Santiago displays his love and dedication.The endurance of love is displayed through the relationship of Santiago and his friend, Manolin. Their relationship has seen both ups and eats, except through it all, Manolin has stood by the old fisherman. In the beginning of the novella, we learn that Manolins family has forced him to work on a different fish gravy holder to gain much profit. Despite this, he still visits his old employer and helps h im film care of himself and his boat. By bringing him food and water, he is displaying his genuine feelings for Santiago. The indorser sees in the final scenes, how deep this love and affection runs. Manolin weeps for his friend as if he has suffered the loss of the marlin as well.These feelings that Manolin has built up has been the result of the acquaintance that they have shared through the years. Santiago was the one who taught Manolin how to fish and has been his friend for many years. Santiago has become a father figure for Manolin since he did not have that type of relationship with his own father. Santiago has been suitable to die the son friendship along with feelings of self-worth. The boy feels that Santiago is the capital fisherman There are many good fishermen and some ample ones. notwithstanding there is exclusively one you (Hemingway 23). This robust bond enables Manolin to translate when Santiago loses his great prize.Santiago has a great love for his o nly friend. Without Manolin, he would be alone and he is grateful to have the boy in his life.He no longer dreamed of storms, nor of women, nor of great occurrences, nor of great fish, nor fights, nor contests of strength, nor of his wife. He only dreamed of places now and of the lions on the beach. They played deal young cats in the dusk and he loved them as he loved the boy. (Hemingway 25)The ref is revealed Santiagos strong affection for his companion when he is alone on the boat. When the struggle between Santiago and the marlin ensues, he needinesses that Manolin was there with him. As hes towed by the fish, the old man says I wish I had the boy (Hemingway 45). Santiago is very appreciative of Manolin and enjoys sharing stories with him.They bubble of baseball and he relays tales of the cadence that he spent in Africa. The way that the boy looks up to the old man makes him feel significant. He feels as though he has something to teach the boy and the boy respects the expe rtnesss of the man. The boy is the one bright spot in Santiagos call back from his battle with the fish. He is content with the fact that he has defeated such a creature and is able to return to see his friend over again before he joins his great fish for eternity.Santiago has a strong dedication to fishing. In the beginning of the tale, we learn that the man has gone eighty-four days without catching a single fish. However, he does not give up hope that his luck entrust change and that he testament begin catching fish again. He has dedicated his life to fishing and will not stop because he has had a run of notional luck. Hemingway remarks Everything about him was old except his eyes and they were the same color as the sea and were cheerful and undefeated (Hemingway 10). He does not wish to swear on luck, but would rather have faith in his skill as a fisherman.He has dedicated his life to fishing and has it down to an exact science. He focuses all his energies on fishing Now is the time to think of only one thing. That which I was born for (Hemingway 40). This is why he makes such a formidable opponent for the marlin. He knows the signs of a cock-a-hoop fish and looks for them when he launchs out on the water. Furthermore, once he defeats the fish, he has the skill and ability to lash the great fish to the side of his skiff and set out for home.Despite the battle between the marlin and the old man, it is obvious that the man feels a great amount of love and respect for the creature. He is move by its greatness and realizes that regardless of his determination, it is very likely that the fish will win the battle between them.You are killing me, fish, the old man thought. But you have a right to. Never have I seen a greater, or more beautiful, or a calmer or more noble thing than you, brother. Come on and kill me. I do not care who kills who. (Hemingway 92)The way that Santiago regards the fish displays the great love that he feels for nature and the c reatures on this earth. change surface as the battle continues on and he is weakened, he still does not feel any abomination for the fish. As he says, Fish, I love you and respect you very much. But I will kill you dead before this day ends (Hemingway 54). Even after he has defeated the fish, he does not let go of the love he feels for such a magnificent animal. When sharks attack and guard most of his prize, he feels as though he has sinned by taking such a wondrous creatures life. He experiences a profound sense of regret and sorrow.They must have taken a quarter of him, and of the scoop meat. I wish it were a dream and that I had never hooked him. I am sorry about it, fish (Hemingway 103). This love provokes him to vow to fight the sharks and protect the fish as best as he could, even if it means his own death.Santiagos love and dedication to both Manolin and the fish is an integral part of The Old Man and the Sea. These relationships turn an otherwise tragic novel, into a t ale of hope. The boy and the old man are dedicated to each other and the reader has faith that through this love, Santiago will be able to flog the devastating loss of his prize. Manolin vows to never leave him again and dismisses the expectations placed upon him by his family. The ending can be considered triumphant because through Santiagos dedication, he was able to defeat the fish and still be able to return home to his beloved friend.WORKS CITEDHemingway, Ernest. The Old Man and the Sea. hot York Scribner, 1995.

A Comparison of a Nuclear and Extended family

Modern day families begin evolved over fourth dimension. In the UK now many types of families exist, from the single p arnt family to families with fostered or adopted children. This essay entrust focus predominately on the ex bunked and thermo atomic family structures that I consider encountered. I leave alone messvass and contrast the frame bleed of these by discussing the inter-relationships at bottom my suffer ex moveed family. I shall overly discuss the different ways of rearing and caring for children and march how the roles of parent and child continue to evolve. Typically a nuclear family send away be defined as a social unit, which consists of a vex, m new(prenominal), and at least one child.This structure is found in almost all societies although the achievement in which it remains in this form varies. An all-encompassing family, while incorporating the nuclear family pattern is a wider grouping of relatives that characteristically spans three or to a gre ater extent generations without the restriction of living under one roof. (Nobbs et al 1989) See accessory 1. Research has sh induce (Fletcher, 1966) that families in lower socio- scotch groups involved in semi masterly or manual jobs (working class) are less likely to move for work or educational reasons than those of a nuclear family.This means that they are more likely to be a part of a long effected extended family. Nuclear families in contrast are more normal in racyer socio-economic groups, (white collar), a lot employed in managerial, administrative and maestro jobs. These families are more likely to relocate away from relatives and family friends for higher salaries and bettor jobs prospects. Nuclear and extended families continually re-size and re-model themselves and the changes that this brings can significantly alter the braves of the children.My own family, for example has changed since the 1960s when I was part of an extended family surrounded by aunts, uncl es, cousins, grandparents, and great-grandparents. Neighbours were also con fontred as family because they lived in the same four storey Victorian suffer as us. Affection, duty and common interests closely connected us. Additionally, the daily fill was helpful and welcoming in that it offered practical aliveness and comfort in times of nisus concerning childrearing, financial help, problem solving and child- cathexis.These were all advantages of belong to an extended family. In contrast, as a parent in a nuclear family, we now live away from relatives and while adequate to strain horny support by telephone and letter, the distance makes practical support difficult. It is nonice equal to(p) that changes in traditional patterns of family life in the UK pay off been victorious place in the last half century. The advent of more cost-efficient methods of contraception since the 1960s micturate led to families having fewer children, compounding the trend for smaller family un its (Beaver et al, 1995).My extended family has dissolved done the loss of my parents relatives and friends through death or relocation. It now equates more closely to a nuclear family model, where I live with my children forming a small group with no other relatives living with them or close by, symbolic of what is occurring in the U. K. today. According to Henwood, et al, (1987) both extended and nuclear families in society are expected to provide many functions. roughly important is their duties to provide for the take of children, as the four-year-old are unable to anxiety for themselves, and through their increase years require guidance.The family teaches children values, rules for behavior and a common language providing the most basic environment for children to learn the farming of the society of which they are a part. Peers, schools and the media have a strong learn as children grow older, but the basic foundations are learnt deep down the family. The supplying of this quality of care today by others outside the family unit would prove very costly and often be less effective. (Woodhead, et al, 1988) Families provide children with phone and create a position in society for them. The family portrays a smell out of belonging and a feeling of value.This feeling of worth is important to a childs development. I work with special needs children, or whom 50% have no strong family relationships. These children are, understandably, emotionally unstable. Children need a family to meet their needs for love, affection, company and security. In the U. K. today family life is regarded as paramount for emotional and social well-being of a child, and overmuch emphasis is put on social services such as fostering and adoption for providing pertinacity to a childs up-bringing. ( Barnes, 1995) Economic support varies between families.Both the extended and nuclear family are economic units, however, in the U. K. family members are no longer entirely depend ent on each other for economic survival. The state provides an economic safety net through State benefits that prevent starvation and penury reminiscent of the past. (Vasta, et al, 1995) The differences between extended and nuclear groups determine how these functions are carried out. Children in extended families can be seen to have the opportunity to develop and attend a wide variety of relationships, as relatives constantly surround them.However, these children, as in my case, are unable to experience privacy or personal space that they often yearn for as the regular presence of relatives and other children obstruct any opportunity. A feeling of constant pampering and examination by others breeds a need to please a larger flesh of people, hence causing long-term affects of anxiety, in non being able to act on ones own initiative or actions. Recollections of my own elevation are ones of confusion, never knowing who to listen to, or who was right. Discipline was not consiste nt among all my carers in the family.This often resulted in myself falling pernicious to different codes of behaviour being upheld by different adults. Studies by farmer (1979) has depictn that, particularly among the extended working-class families, there is considerable relationship of colony and mutual aid between the wife of a family and her own father. It goes on to point out that that the re-housing of young working-class families in New Towns, thus creating a nuclear unit, at a distance from Mum suddenly presented young wives with a disquieting independence, finding themselves forced to act on their own initiative.This ca employ emotional upset, as this was a responsibility unaccustomed to them. It is important, therefore, in whatever areas that the extended family stays intact. The fathers in a mother- centred family often have low real authority with which to play out their expected role as head of the household and form strong relationships instead with work colleag ues. Sons often follow their fathers footsteps into the same profession, often working side by side with them, forming the same strong bonds between father and son, as the daughters accomplish with their mothers.Children tend to have more playmates that are cousins, and the older ones are frequently called upon to care for siblings at bottom the extended family. Close relationships inwardly an extended group have their value, but they can also be limiting, confining, frustrating, so that the loosening of ties for well-nigh people at any rate, may constitute a preferred improvement in lifestyle. Family living in close proximity tend to disrupt each others personal goals in life and get in each others way emotionally and socially (Duck, 1992). In comparison children growing up in a nuclear family tend to experience surrounding(prenominal) relationships with their parents.They can retrieve a lot of individual attention and have more space and privacy. However, at times, they may also feel unaffectionate in that they have fewer relatives to turn to in times of paternal and/or sibling confrontation so encouraging relationships with friends and neighbours also. The nuclear family promotes granting immunity and independence. It allows for the qualities of maturity and self-reliance in individuals. Husbands and wives share equal status within the nuclear group, enjoying a relationship based increasingly upon mutuality of consideration.They bug out to be democratically managed, where both parents tend to include the children in arriving at any family decisions. Parents have more time for each other and their children receive a greater degree of attention, effort and expectation from relationships concentrated within this unit. Significantly children of nuclear families form the basis of their beliefs surrounding relationships from these encounters. The stress and accord levels that they contain can considerably affect the characteristics of social relationshi ps with peers. Duck, 1992).The parental roles within extended families tend to be more complicated but distinctly structured by gender. The mother concentrates on expressive gestures, giving warmth, comfort, care and performing all of the household chores while the father provides financial security, upholds specify and undertakes household tasks that require more physical strength. The boys and girls are set tasks, which ordinarily follow the roles of the respective parent. For example, girls will help in the kitchen while boys will help clean the car.The nuclear family in contrast seems to show much more flexibility in these roles where less importance is placed on the specific roles of parents and children and more is channelled towards a family team effort. When the children are young the father often takes on more domestic, traditional household, and childcare roles, only relinquishing them as they grow up. Often the parents of nuclear units both work, and do not enjoy the day-to-day practical support seen within an extended family. As teenagers the children often take responsibility for tasks in their parents absence. Herbst, 1960)The nuclear family can however, have under stress without the support of a larger family network that can act as child headwayers or mediators, and it could be argued that this causes the fragility, which often leads to the unit quickly disintegrating should confrontation between the parents, becomes rife. This inevitably causes a great the great unwashed of emotional upset and economic strain. In the UK between 30% and 50% of nuclear families experience this causing divorce rates to remain high (Bruce et al, 1999), prompting the suggestion that ambition and dreams are often the key drivers in this type of family.Nowadays, nearly 50% of the work force in the U. K is female, although, the jr. the child determines whether women work full or part time (Donnellan, 1991). This in itself probably reflects on the distinct absen ce of affordable child-care for younger children. As already mentioned childcare among extended families is not normally a problem as other members and sometimes-older children provide the care needed when the mother has to hold down a job. (Allan, 1979) With the comparisons and contrasts of the nuclear and extended family units in mind it is important to also consider the parental styles adopted.The mix of rearing practices used by parents and, where relevant other family members, is strongly debated among child psychologists for the positive and electronegative effects that they have on the behaviour of children. Baumrind (1972) and more recently Grusec and Lytton (1988) set three models of parenting, autocratic, permissive and authoritative, with which parents and other adult family members rear children. In the authoritarian model absolute standards are used to control a childs behaviour with obedience and punishment being paramount.Invariably physical and emotional force are adopted. The childs behaviour as a result alternates between aggressive, moody, and galling and often induces a vulnerability to stress. Contrastingly, permissive parents register few demands or expectations for a mature independent behaviour, often condoning bad behaviour through lack of good communication. The child, as a result lacks self-control, and shows aggressive and freakish traits attached to a low self- esteem.The authoritative style produces energetic and prosperous children as at the core lay clear communication within a warm, responsive and fair model. The childs wishes are always considered yet those who are disobedient are kept in check. This leads to a child that copes with stress well and has a co-operative and self-reliant outlook on life. Minimal distinguish can be found to determine which of these styles of parenting are dominant in any particular family structure, but inevitably it would be fashioned by how the parents were themselves raised.From experienc e of working in a secondary school that accommodates a high percentage of children from working class, and probably extended families, it is noticeable that their children show many of the visual signs associated with the authoritarian style. Often their behaviour is aggressive and they appear unhappy and stressed with life. Importantly, from a teaching perspective it is essential to be aware of the specific family structure when dealing with a child. To be able to work effectively with children and families alike it must be remembered, whatever the family type, the family forms a central part of any childs life.We should be deterred from stereotyping families in order to outgo assist children in their education. In summary this essay has compared and contrasted nuclear and extended families and identified the roles and relationships that are prevalent among the more conventional of these family structures. Personal reflections have been included, where relevant, to add realism. I t has explained how family life has evolved in recent times and given an keenness into the parenting styles adopted and the effect they have had on the child.

Psychology First Impression Essay

The aim of the research was to carry out a homogeneous study of Luchins(1957) which found that the starting piece of education received virtually an individual often bears to a great extent weight ( stronger ) than nurture gained later so as to ascertain whether send-off belief is relevant in the twenty-first century. The alternating(a) hypothesis is that there exit be a substantial difference in the number of positive and negative ranting mingled with the positive primacy group and the negative primacy group.Th is study was a discipline experiment with an independent groups design The independent changeable was whetherpositive primacy account statement or negative primacy degree granted to the participant and the dependant variable was the number of positive or negative rating given to the genius (Bob). On twenty-first June 2008 at to a greater extent or less 1230 pm, we went to the Chester le-street preceding street, an opportunity sample of 30 participants (1 5 participants in each groups) 16-59 years everyplaceage were used. There were two groups of participants reading both positive primacy fabrication or negative primacy story.For positive primacy story, the character (Bob) was described as extrovert first, hence introvert and for negative primacy story, Bob was introvert first, then extrovert. Afterwards they were given a questionnaire to rate Bob in terms of certain constitution traits. A chi square test was used to analysis the results. The discover jimmy of Chi squared was T = 20 and the Critical value was 3. 84 . As the observed value is higher than the critical value, the alternative hypothesis can be accepted at p little than or equal to 0. 05. Therefore, it externalizems from the earlier research that the coordinate in which the information is received has an impact on impression formation.Therefore, the aim of this research isto see whether the first impression is relevant in the 21st century (the first informatio n received has a greater impact on impression formation than the second information). Introduction How do we form judgements and impressions of people? inwardly moments of confrontation individual, we look at their appearance, clothing style, hair-style, language, accent or ethnicity, this makes us form an impression of a complete stranger within seconds of meeting him or her. These first impressions of others stem from the perceptions and judgements we make based on the first time we meet.Have you even experienced that if the first impression of someone is unfavourable, a subsequent smile may be seen as a sneer or as insincere? One of the first major studies into impression formation was carried out by Asch (1946), he used two lists of six adjectives describing a soulfulness ( intelligent, industrious, impulsive, critical, stubborn and envious ) ,one was arranged in the above order, another was the reversal . Participants were asked to rate the person out of 10 (where 10 means a very positive impression of the person).He found that those who read the first group ofadjectives form a more positive impression of the person. His study suggested that a primacy onus occurs because the initial traits in a sequence set the stage for the interpretation for later traits. In effect, the meaning of each new adjective was interpreted in silly of the ones already received. Aschs contention was that the total assessment would reflect a dynamic process in which the separate traits would interact to form a unitary impression. In general, his study suggested that earlier traits have a greater influence on impression formation.A study conducted by Luchins in 1957 also throws some light on how we form impressions. He aimed to see if the order of information in which they received affects their opinion. Participants were given a story to read about an imaginary person (Jim) who first appears to a happy character and then rather sad and lonely. A second group of participan ts are given the same information but in the move around order. Afterwards all participants are asked to rate the person in the story in terms of certain personality traits.He found that the participants who go through the story with the positiveone first will rate the person more positively. Luchins suggested that impressions were strongly influenced by the order in which we receive information about people. The first information we receive is the close important and most likely to be remembered. Asch and Luchins used hypothetical people in their study. However, Jones et al (1968) used an actual person.Participants watched a video of a student resolve a set of multiple choice questions with the frequency of counteract answers either increasing or decreasing, but actually the student always figure out 15 out of the 30 correctly, participants were asked to ratethe student s intelligence, they judged the student as more intelligent when the first 15 were right (primacy effect), also, when asked to give how many correct those who had seen student perform first 15 correct estimated 20/30 those who had seen the last 15 correct estimated 12/30.These studies take into account evidence for primacy effect the greater impact of what we first learn about someone (first impressions) and suggest that once one determines they have an acceptable mind of the information presented to them, they will pay less attention as moreinformation is presented and only recall the first impression. In nowadays 21st century, many society factors have been changed, for example, internet is widely used over the world today, as well as many social networking websites e. g.Facebook and MySpace, the effect of first impression might be changed. In order to canvass whether the primacy effect still prevails in todays society. I will be adapting Luchins research and writing my own paragraphs story 1 & 2(see appendices 1). I will be using 11 categories for participants to choose from in order to force a bias.

Multicultural Education by Keith Wilson Essay

multicultural commandment relates to fosterage and instruction designed for the cultures of several(prenominal) antithetic aftermaths in an educational system. This approach to teaching and learning is based upon consensus building, respect, and reproduction cultural pluralism inside racial societies. multicultural education acknowledges and incorporates positive racial idiosyncrasies into classroom atmospheres. Pros of multicultural Education A noteworthy demographic change is on the horizon for the United States of America.Bennett (1995) estimates that by the year 2000, over 30 percent of our school age population will be children of twist (p. 18). Addition anyy, research has indicated that ethnic minority students atomic number 18 disproportionately poor, dropping away of school, being suspended or expelled, and achieving far below their potential relation back to the ethnic majority (Bennett, 1995). Consequently, teachers essential prepare themselves and their childr en for the ever changing argufy of interacting and communicating with diverse races. Reduction of fear, ignorance, and personal detachment are assertable benefits to a Multicultural education.The following excerpts are taken from Paul Gorski (1995), a University of Virginia Doctoral student during a case study interview The thinker of political correctness with the black race astounds me. I found it exceedingly interesting that whatever blacks in our class prefer to be called African American. In all of my classes I hand felt like I was stepping on egg shells as to non offend the blacks in my class. I am trustworthyly glad it is not that big of an issue to my baby buster classmatesit promotes a more comfortable, genuine environment for me to be totally honest and carefree.Initially, the student interviewed in the case study reflected an attitude that would probably not facilitate consensus building, respect for other cultures, or promoteing of cultural pluralism within di fferent racial communities and in the classroom. However, with integrated curriculum, social activities, administrative support, and supply rearing, fear, ignorance, and personal detachment may be notably reduced in both students and teachers. Benefits to multicultural education can help to eliminate the crux of stereotyping, prejudice, racism, and bigotry (Fear, Ignorance, dis-ownership).Case study analyzed 1. fear I brook felt like I was stepping on egg shells as to not offend blacks in my classes 2. ignorance I found it extremely interesting that some blacks in our class prefer to be called African American. 3. dis-ownership I am honestly glad it is not that big of an issue to my fellow classmates. The generator agrees with Hilliard and Pine (1990), if Americans are to embrace diversity, the conscious and unconscious expressions of racism (sexism) within our society must be identified and done away with (p. ).Multicultural education is the potential catalyst to bring all races together in harmony. Cons of Multicultural Education According to some views, if one wants to alienate and upgrade fragment the communication and rapport mingled with ethnic groups, implement multicultural education. As stated by Bennett (1995), to dwell on cultural differences is to foster negative prejudices and stereo casefuls, and that is human nature to view those who are different as inferior (p. 29). Thus, multicultural education will enhance feelings of being atypical.Schools in America may see multicultural education as a way to color stratagem their students to differences. Administrators may view the color blind approach as a gate keeper that assures equal manipulation and justice for all students and as a way to facilitate compatibility and monotony of all cultures. A common statement from this line of thinking is, we are more alike than different. We should focus on the similarities and not the differences to chance on greater equanimity among the races. Eth nicity is breaking up many nations.If one looks at the former Soviet Union, India, Yugoslavia, and Ethiopia, all countries are in some type of crisis. Closer to home, one observes the divisiveness of the Rodney King and O. J. Simpson trials in our country, we can see how nidus on race and multiculturalism may lead to a further divisiveness between the races in America. Over time, multicultural education may have unknowing for and undesired consequences. For example, multicultural education rejects the historic American goals of assimilation and integrating of ethnic cultures into the majority culture.Hence, the perception may result that America is a country of distinct ethnic groups, as opposed to a more traditional view of the country that involves individuals making decisions for the good of the order (Schlesinger, 1991). Multicultural education may increase the resentment encountered by students who feel that changes in school traditions, curriculum, and academic standards ar e not necessary to get along and respect students from ethnic minorities. Since many institutions resist change of any kind, passive voice resistance on the part of the administration may simulate word sense of the tenants of Multicultural education.Of course, excepting the tenants of multicultural education should be avoided with enthusiasm and optimism. What would real Multicultural Education look like? The writer submits that multicultural education must have, as its crux, the below defining characteristics to achieve its purposes for students, teachers, parents, and administrators of the school system a) a learning environment that supports positive interracial contact b) a multicultural curriculum c) positive teacher expectations d) administrative support and, e) teacher training workshops (Bennett, 1995).If one of the features is absent, frustration and heightened resentment may occur as squinch behaviors multiply. The effects of a positive multicultural climate may demonst rate in a number of ways, such as a) diminished pockets of segregation among student body b) less racial tension in the schools c) increase ethnic minority retention and classroom performance and, d) inclusion of a multicultural curriculum.In short, the multicultural educational environment should not be a microcosm of our present American society, with regard to issues of diversity and tolerance. Many factors hold a successful multicultural atmosphere, but the features as outlined to a higher place may be important indications of success. Administrative support for multicultural education is critical. How can a house stand if the foundation is fragile. Multicultural education will be as successful as commitment to it by school administrators.Regardless of the level of commitment (local, state, and/or national), programs initiated under the simulation of multiculturalism must receive reinforcement from administrators who are accountable for the success of realized multicultural initiatives. A key factor in any proposed multicultural initiative is curriculum development. A multicultural curriculum should be considered for several reasonsa) provides alternative points of view relative to information already taught in just about educational systems b) provides ethnic minorities with a sense of being inclusive in history, science etc. and, c) decreases stereotypes, prejudice, bigotry, and racism in America and the world. A significant demographic transformation is on the horizon for American schools. Educational institutions have been dictated too long by attitudes, values, beliefs, and value systems of one race and class of people. The future of our universe is demanding a positive change for all (Hilliard & Pine, 1990).

Circumcision in South African Males vs Phillipino Males Essay

Comp atomic number 18 and line of credit the attitudes, beliefs and perspectives around a specific health issue amongst devil varied nation groups, and consider the implications of this for clinical or lodge practice. Introduction A controversial health issue around the area is male circumcision. manly circumcision is the removal of part of or the entire foreskin on the fellow member and is a controversial topic in umteen countries and across many antithetic religions. In this essay the beliefs, attitudes and perspectives of southwestward Afrifanny manpower go external be compared those of Philippine manpower roughwhat medical checkup male circumcision and traditionalistic male circumcision.Traditional circumcisions are normally acted outside of formal medical settings by providers who gestate a special training but are non health care professionals. Medical circumcision alternatively is performed by a medical professional in a medical setting. According to th e world health organisation (WHO), 30% of men worldwide work been circumcised, in general in developing countries where it takes place for spiritual and cultural causalitys (World Health brass section WHO, 2007a).Male circumcision is an important issue, especially in southerly Africa and the Philippines, as three world countries as it can be uses as a partial tone preventative measure against HIV infection. Description of population groups The cardinal population groups I chose were southern African men and Filipino men. I chose South African men as one of my population groups because while canvass circumcision I noticed in that respect was a lot of literature on the topic in relation to South Africa and surrounding nations and the effects it has on preventing HIV transmission.I found this population group enkindle because in South Africa even though there is clear benefits in trim down HIV transmission and great publicity around the benefits only 35% of men were circumc ised (WHO, 2007a). Furtherto a greater extent in researching this topic I discovered triplex reasons why men chose to get circumcised, one reason was purely so they werent uncircumcised witch I found strange. This was the case in the Philippines, where 90% of all men are circumcised, and most saying there reason for being circumcised was so they werent uncircumcised (Lee, 2006).I found this reasoning interesting and decided to explore this shade for my second population group. If circumcision can load the chances of transmitting HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases as nearly as reduce penile cancer it is important to understand different cultures beliefs and attitudes toward the procedure to encourage circumcision within the culture. It is also good to understand why some cultures waste such(prenominal) high rate of circumcision compared to other cultures and countries as it may foster develop strategies to promote circumcision countries with lower evaluate.South Afric a In South Africa 57. 2% of circumcised men had traditional circumcisions and 42. 8% were medically circumcised (Connolly, Simbayi, Shanmugam, & group A Nqeketo, 2008). Amongst this circumcised population, the majority of the medically circumcised men were white (97. 8%) or Indian (92. 8%), compared with traditional circumcision which was mostly Black South Africans (Connolly et al. , 2008). In South Africa, more than than specifically within the Black South African participation circumcision is done for religious and cultural reasons (Peltzer & angstrom unit Kanta, 2009).It is seen as a religious rite that marks the passage from boyhood to manhood for the adolescent. The run commonly requires boys to spend about a month in induction camps in seclusion away from women and outsiders. If they break down there creation into man hood they are retrieved to be stuck as a boy for the rest of their life. The rite is considered by the community as a sacred custom (Peltzer & Kanta , 2009). Traditionally this ritual involved traditional circumcisions and traditional initiation, however more recently some communities have allowed medical circumcision followed by traditional initiation into manhood.However there is a hostile relationship between men who were traditionally circumcised and men who were medically circumcised. While most men ac make outledge medical circumcision is safer and know the benefits it has in helping prevent HIV and sexually transmitted disease, they business concern that they will be ridiculed by peers and stigmatised as cowards and not viewed as true(a) men for having the procedure done under anaesthesia (Peltzer & Kanta, 2009, p. 91). They believe that the pain makes the boys courageous, strong men and is a passage into manhood, where they can have a wife and kids.Philippines On the other hand, in the Philippines very some men are circumcised for religious or cultural reasons. Boys are usually circumcised between the ages of five and eighteen with most being circumcised between go and fourteen (Lee, 2006). Most boys report being circumcised good so they are not uncircumcised, to avoid teasing and stigma in the community. Many Filipino men believe women prefer circumcised males, and therefor to be manlike and have a wife and children it is preferable to be circumcised.Similar to South African beliefs Filipino boys become circumcised because they do not want to be seen as cowards for not having the courage to go through with(predicate) the pain and anxiety associated with the forge (Lee, 2006, p. 228). Filipino men also report get circumcised because it was their parents orders or they were threa ecstasyed with a beating if they chose not to or because it was just normal for a boy his age to and his friends were getting it done.Many men report being nervous for the procedure but excited to carry through the man hood they have anticipated. Most of the Filipino men submit to this hearty culture because they want to be seen as masculine and not as a coward. It is a social phenomenon, propelled by individuals need to adjust and gain acceptance through this procedure by acquiring a range of masculine related traits and opportunities (Lee, 2006). Comparison of population groupsWhile the two countries have different religions and cultural views, the striking similarity between the two population groups is that they both view the practice of circumcision and the pain and anxiety associated with this process as empowering to the men. Fulfilment of this ritual enhances psycho-social health because it frees them of ridicule and stigma as a coward (Lee, 2006, p. 228). Being circumcised means men from both cultures are considered masculine and thusly allows them to carry out tasks that are believed to be masculine such as having a family.However circumcision in South Africa is seen as a rite of passage and a sacred ritual that allows boys to become me and usually occurs later in life around the age of seventeen to black flag but even as late as twenty-six (Mavundla, Netswera, Bottoman, & Toth, 2009). Whereas, in the Philippines the procedure is more of a social effort, done because everyone else is getting it performed. It is also performed much earlier, most commonly between the age of ten and fourteen in the Philippines.South Africa have a more spiritual and deeper reasoning for having the procedure done, men display a deeper more informed reasoning for having the procedure compared to Filipino men, who tend to follow the social trend (Mavundla et al. , 2009). With so many Filipino men circumcised (90%) the social trend comprise strong and the even with new knowledge about risks and benefits the majority go on to get the procedure done (Lee, 2009), while in South Africa with more information coming out more people are opting for medical circumcision with over 130 000 medical circumcisions being performed in 2010 (WHO, 2011).There is a growing trend in South Africa to have medical circumcision, whereas in the Philippines the process in considered outside the general realm of medicine and therefore is not performed in medical settings. While they have different culture and beliefs, and go about performing the procedure differently there primary(prenominal) motive to be masculine is common amongst both population groups. expirationThe advantages associated with being circumcised show great potential to help lower the rates of HIV and sexually transmitted disease in South Africa if more men are circumcised. The cultural transition into manhood is a barrier to overcome as medical circumcision is believed to interfere with this process. If however medical circumcision became more of a social norm as it is viewed in the Philippines, more boys would be inclined to have the procedure to fit in with the rest of the community.The social normality of the process seems to have a greater influence on boys preference then cultural or religious rea sons, as 90% of Filipino men are circumcised compared to 35% of South African men (Lee, 2006 WHO, 2007a).Guidelines South Africa * Conducting community based education and information sessions on the health risks and problems associated with traditional circumcision, and how allowing medical circumcision followed by traditional initiation can reduce these risks. Train more male nurses who can perform the circumcision since most nurses in South Africa are female and boys going through initiation are not allowed contact with women because if they see women during this time they fail there initiation into man hood.* Understand the communitys precept for the ritual circumcision and work with the community to find alternative solutions together, and trying to help reduce the stigma associated with men being medically circumcised with alternative ays to demo their strength. Philippines * Developing circumcision clinics throughout the Philippines where boys can have the procedure perform ed in seemly hygienic conditions. * Giving boys information about the risks and benefits of the procedure so they can more meaningfully decide to have to procedure done * justify the procedure, and offer pain medication so that boy dont have to feel so nervous about what is happening and have a better understanding of what going to happen.

Effects of Music on Counsumer Behavior

The idea of using harmony as a way of de none goes all the way back to compound beats when street vendors hawked their good to the tune of a melodic chant. Of kind we to a fault know that symphony has been apply ofttimes as a way of fixing a harvest-home in our mind. A unforgettable tune that sticks in your mind is the marketers dream. unison that is written for a play a retentive or attention a great deal benefits the entire industry. One of the first industry wide medical specialtyal theater plugs (no pun intended) was for the tobacco industry by means of songs such(prenominal) as the 1836 song Think Smoke Tobacco, by John Ashton and hollo de Tabac by John Hewitt.Lyrics in addition play an important take up in the use of medicinal drug as advertising. Just as a crafty tune could attack your senses, a good jingle or cunning lyrics could become a part of society for quite virtually time. The strength of this form of advertising is just formidable. Consumer res earchers wipe out found emotional answer to ad, by consumers. Background unison is one of the major(ip) component influencing auditory modality responses to veritable returns that they bribe. Popular medicinal drug in tv inured commercials is nonhing new.In fact, television advertising right from its actually(prenominal) beginning in the early fifties has relied heavily on unison to get tribes attention, set a pique, creates the right brand chain of mountains and sells the advertisers product. The reason why is dim-witted it works. unison plays an important constituent on somebodys be longsighteding to variant heathen backgrounds. euphony shag relax us, excite us, come upon us want to get up and dance or simply involve ourselves by listening. Thats what makes it such a powerful tool in advertising. Very often, to a greater extent than recognizable songs argon utilise as background usic to set a snappishness or to help establish an image for the produc t. Early television commercials in the 1950s featured easily known classical masterpieces as background medicine, to attract consumers towards their product. Advertisers ulterior on expanded themselves into jazz and rhythm method and blues. Soon TV commercials were featuring songs like Duke Ellingtons Satin Doll and Gershwins Rhapsody in Blue as background medical specialty to help sell a variety of assorted products. melody plays the fol pocket-sizeding position Entertainment euphony contributes to the effectiveness of an advertisement by making it much attractive. A good ad ceaselessly tries to engage the attention of an audience, and makes it encrypttaining for them. To an extent all euphony posted on commercial ads as well as radio serves as a loss leader. Any medicine stomach potentially act in this exercise of entertainment. Moreover, the symphony need non necessarily be distinct of any special attraction with a publication product or service in order to pl ay an effective and expedient function. anatomical structure/Continuity harmony can be utilize in various structural roles.As a structural role, medicine helps in tying collectively a sequence of visual images and series of dramatic episodes, narrative voice-overs, and a list of product appeals. This is the function of continuity. Memory ability Music should be such in advertisements that it profits the Memorability of the products name. Consumers are known to favor products which break in some degree of recognition or well-known(prenominal)ity, even if it is merely the products name. Thus, the association of symphony with the identity of a certain product may greatly up nurse in product recall. Lyrical deliveryA fourth technique of melodic enhancement is the use of lyrical language. Vocal medicinal drug permits the exaltation of a communicative core in a non spoken way. Language utterances can sound untold less naive or self-indulgent when couched within a medi cational comedy phrase rather than simply spoken. An individual can respectably sing things which would sound utterly trite if said. Targeting erst an appropriate medium is chosen, second considerations are targeting the consumer, in that locationby engaging or charm those viewers who constitute the target demographic group. Music has long been identified with various social and demographic groups.Musical style therefore assists in targeting a specific market. The style may function as a socioeconomic identifier or may act as a art for addressing a specific group of audience. Authority Establishment Music enhances to the credibility of the product in this way that establishes its potentiality. A simple way of establishing authority is done expert testimony. Authority may also be fostered by means of testimonials of non-technical authorities . Thus to an extent to succeed in advertising an audience, should also be kept in mind , advertising done essential also amaze genuity in it.Music affects shopper time wisdom Several studies picture that medicament can effectively reduce anxiety, increase incontrovertible mood ratings, alleviate depression, and decrease frustration. Music has also been seen to influence consumers time perception. Standing in queues listening to the right kind of medicine makes the hold experience more pleasant and entertaining hence reducing the perception of time in store. Music helps in making impulsive purchases Music helps consumers associate some feelings or emotions such as joy, love, fear, hope, sexuality, fantasy and helps in developing a mood for shopping.Music also helps in creating an impulsive environs that can be extremely beneficial to the consumers in selecting a concomitant product. Increase brand fealty Music helps in enhancing brand loyalty in a way that it integrates the meaning of a centre of the particular brand thus creating brand loyalty amongst the customers. Music is a positive addition to the cons umer surroundings Music plays an important role by creating a positive environment, under which all consumers are influenced by harmony.Example When an individual enter the shop of KNs the jingle of the brand entertains on acting thus creating a positive effect on the consumer . Music has also been use to hasten either a pleasant or unpleasant affective state and examine its Interaction with the affective feeling of an advertisement (Gorn, Pham, Sin 2001). Both arousal, pleasure can be manipulated with music. Music and Congruence Park and Young (1986) examined the effect of music (present, absent) and trey types of appointment (low involvement, cognitive involvement, affective involvement) on the formation of attitudes towards a brand in the context of TV commercials.Music change magnitude the brand attitude for subjects In the low involvement condition but had a distracting effect for those in the cognitive involvement condition. Its effect for those in the affective inv olvement condition was non clear. They argue that music acted as a peripheral legal opinion cue. When the music was attention grabbing it pulled listeners attention away from the message and negatively influenced recall. The no music ads performed as well or better than the musical ads in wrong of recall and recognition.Thus the relationship in the midst of the fit of the mood, bring on music (happy/sad) developed the purchase decision for the customer. USES OF DIFFERENT KINDS OF MUSIC unshakable or boring music in a retail environment Research found out that people move steadily when slow rhythm music is played. Study was conducted in two supermarkets found a huge increase in sales when slow rhythm music was played In that scan the gross sales increased from $12,112 for the libertine rhythm music to $16,740 for the slow rhythm music. This is an increase of 38%. In addition to it Customers moved slowly when cushioned music was played, taking 128 seconds, and blistering wh en fast music was played, taking 109 seconds. Same results have been observed in restaurants customers tend to persist when the music is slow and soft. Where you dont want people to linger, you could be better off playing loud, fast tempo music curiously if you run a fast-moving restaurant. But, retail environments often want their clients to stay for time-consuming time in their stores, so softer music is more appropriate. A study discovered that customer pass al approximately 23% more notes in a restaurant when softer music was being played.Interestingly, increase in spending came on the presents bill (which grew by almost 51% on avg), which are the most profitable items in most restaurants. ? Loud or soft Usually, people spend much less time in the environment where louder music is played One article wrote A person is in all probability to stay in a restaurant playing soft music 20% longer than if the music is loud, with a slight increase in the sum up of money spent on viands and drinks. For food product stores, it was found that the volume made no difference on how much money was spent.Another study by Caldwell and Hibbert (2002) found that when slow music was played, patrons stayed for 20% longer but also spent more on food and drink in fact, up to 50% more. In other lyric, to keep your customers, keep it soft and slow. And likewise, if you want quick turnover, speed things up and keep it loud. In bars, where music is very loud and fast that it hinders conversation, people drink more and drink faster. An academic study found Environmental music was associated with an increase in alcohol consumption. Forty male beer drinkers were observed in a bar. The results show that high train volume led to increased alcohol consumption and reduced the average amount of time spent by the patrons to drink their glass. Use of hit songs and unknown songs In trade and retail environments, ordinary music tends to be too distracting, taking people away fro m the task at hand, and makes them focus on the music. You want the music to MELT in the environment, giving a feeling of calm or energy, but not grabbing the attention of the people. Popular or hit music is too catchy, and causes lower purchasing in retail environments and decreased productivity in offices. The usic that should be played has to be good and very confining enough to hit music that people enjoy it, but it moldiness not be too catchy. Classical or chill outs In a study it has been found out that Classical music increases the amount of money people are exiting to spend. Normally, people give buy more expensive goods when classical music is being played. MUSIC AND MARKETERS Marketers uses music to reach at own goal in making advertising. Marketers doing in following way Music Exists In A Context Music does not work alone. It exists within an advertisement with complex visual, verbal, and other communicatory stimuli.How all of these are perceived depends on the compl ex interaction of home(a) (biological) and external (social, cultural influences) factors which also affect when and how musical taste is developed. Music is in the first place a cultural and social phenomenon and reflects the values and attitudes of a subculture. sociological forces affect images and preferences about products that are desirable, and music, if it fits with those images, may enhance the following inconstants 1) persuasion through former learning and verbal association, 2) recall, 3) overall ad effectiveness, election for the product and 5) facilitation of mental images.The following-discussion will elaborate further on the military issue of music as a facilitator of mental images, and its role in advertising, education, communication, psychology, and marketing. The impressiveness of The Role Assigned To Music In An Ad It seems that the salience of music in an ad will depend on whether the ad is primarily affective or cognitive based (Park and Young, 1986 and Holbrook and Hirschman, 1982), who the target market is, and how well the message communication goal (meaning) of the ad will fit with the music.Consequently, we enkindle a tentative hierarchy of musical presence work, to define the role appoint to music in communicating the advertising message. Basically, the degree to which music is depute a dominant role is revealed by the degree to which it will be in the foreground, be classifiable, will be noticed, and will be more likely to be part of an affect-based ad. The degree to which music is assigned a less dominant role is the degree to which it will call in into the background, be less distinctive, be less attention- getting, and the ad will be less likely to be affect-based.This model is based on card of about 60 advertisements on day-time T. V. , and is presented here as way of summarizing the role music plays going from a most dominant and distinctive to a barely noticeable presence, to no presence. Since more ads have a j unto of cognitive and affective components, with degrees of emphasis on one or the other, the role of music will tend to follow this degree of emphasis in the advertisement. That is, all things being equal, the more salient the role music has in the ad, the more affect-based the ad is likely to be, and We less salient role music has, the more cognitive-based the ad will be.The hierarchy of musical presence model is suggested as follows, going from most to least salient A. in ads where music primarily carries the entire message and meaning, music will be used in the following ways 1. When music with lyrics carries the ads verbal message and meaning, it has been assigned a dominant role in also providing an atmosphere, creating an image, setting a mood, and influencing affect throughout the ad. The ad will be primarily affective-based, challenge to feelings. In this case, music will always be in the foreground, with very little voice-over, if any.Sometimes music composed especially f or the purpose of the ad, or a fairly well-known song for example, such as April in genus Paris (for rich French roast coffee by Maxwell House), can be used primarily to carry the message of the ad. The use of April in Paris reflects the age of the target market, desire for foreign travel, and its taste in style of music 2. When the lyrics of the song do not carry the ads message directly (the words are about things other than the product and do not contribute to the atmosphere or mood), but the music is in the foreground throughout the ad, and is the primary form of communication 3. hen instrumental or electronic music (without lyrics) is in the foreground, there is almost no voice-over, and the verbal message is brief and in written form, music has also been assigned a dominant role and will provide the above-mentioned attributes B. in ads where the message is carried primarily by a voice-over, music is used in the following ways 1. Music is in the background, very quiet, in gen eral not distinctive, resembles elevator music, and the voice-over continues throughout the ad 2. The music background lasts for the epoch of one or two short verbal phrases, usually at the end of the ad.It is used to emphasize a phrase as in a key brand attribute, or logo 3. No music. Although most commercials use music, some research has indicated that music may distract from message processing, and other research supports the facilitating effect of music. While musical characteristics or elements do shape overall musical meaning, a musical plectrum can distract or enhance message processing, if placed in an strange advertising context, where the ads intended meaning and the music are not a good.While music may enhance processing in one setting, it may distract in another. Its impact largely depends on how well it fits with the advertisements meaning, and the audiences level and type of ad involvement. In trying to determine what musical selection fits with what advertisement, a clear communication goal of the ad is required (cognitive, affective), along with knowledge of the intended target markets musical taste, preferences, and if possible, the meanings and feelings associated with particular musical selections.Finally, it is useful to possess an understanding of the musical characteristics or elements of the designated musical selection, as these often affect the above variables. From the musical presence hierarchy model, we note through preliminary observation that the more salient music is in an ad, the more affect-based the ad is. In general, advertising practitioners have used music which was familiar with their target market, and which fit with the ads meaning. Note that under conditions of high cognitive involvement, music is seldom used, and when used, seldom effective.How, When, Why Music Works In mental vision harvest-feastion A number of studies find that music is considered as a valid facilitator of mental images. Music also has been use d as a stimulus to evoke images in educational and therapeutic settings. Music used simultaneously with words and sounds was found to increase image production. Farnsworth (1976) reports that music evokes very little universally mistakable mental mental imagery beyond what appears in all cultures, such as the use of soft melodies for mothers lullabies.He also states that in western culture most people of the similar subculture have similar imagery stimulated when presented with a descriptive narrative with specific imagery using concrete words. These words used to accompany music make for powerful, learned associations, so that when we hear the Star Spangled Banner, we hear the words that go with it and we all tend to have similar visual imagery. Since the same music may not evoke uniform imagery among listeners, there is uncertainty regarding whether or not high and low imagery music can be 1) agreed upon, and 2) distinguished by the type of music represented.Although the design ative meaning of music is made up of individual images, thoughts, and memories associated with a particular musical piece (Meyer, 1956), and is therefore frequently individualistic, musicians have often written programmatic music with titles which encourage similar imagery. For example, Mussorgsky used pizzicato arrange to represent what he labeled chicken clucking in his Pictures at an Exhibition. Advertisers of seam supply labels with verbal statements about the product (emphasized by music) and/or lyrics of jingles.It appears that prior learning and verbal associations, when diametric repeatedly with certain pieces of music, are likely to evoke more nearly uniform mental imagery among listeners. In a marketing and advertising context, imagery impacts consumers knowledge in many important ways. Imagery systems contribute to a definition of product imagery and affect how a brand communicates with the consumer. Imagery is a process through which afferent information is stored i n working memory.Since memory imagery involves sensory and concrete representations of ideas, feelings, and memories, it can allow a visual reconstruction of an event in ones mind which has been experienced before and stored in memory. Among the variables that can green groceries imagery-in an advertisement are words, imagery instructions, and music. Stewart, Farmer, and Stannard ( outgoing) note that in those situations where image advertising uses music, the use of a musical cue provides the opportunity to elicit images, beliefs, and associations.Their forthcoming studys results indicate that music with lyrics is statistically significant in eliciting more image types of responses referring to people, actions, or setting than verbal cues. Findings in this study suggest that the musical cue is a more sensitive measure of memory than verbal product and brand cues. Another example where imagery plays a part in the degree of fit between the music and the meaning of the advertisement i s in the romantic, nostalgic song Ill Be Seeing You. Used as background for a FTD florist ad, this song may prove effective. However, if paired with the packing up of a seasonal, everyday item like a portable fan, the effect will be somewhat comical. The organization of musical elements remain the same in the song, but the context surrounding the music has changed from a romantic, nostalgic setting (a good fit in terms of imagery) to a more mundane one. Therefore imagery of the product and the ad can be affected by the f t between musical meaning and the meaning of the ad. Music Also Affects Important caprice States.When a person enters in a restaurant, supermarket, or malls for shopping, Customers when enter in shopping malls, restaurant, or supermarkets their walking gait is fast and no product catch their eye they follow their mind set. They usually do not have in good mood due to huge business and unpleasant noise. Music not only slow down their pace but make their mood positi ve which ultimately increase the sales. Music not only enhances recall for a product or an ad through an evoked image, but it may evoke a mood, feelings, emotions, and behaviors.Consumer behavior theorists have conceptualized how consumers attitudes, affective states, and behaviors have been impacted by moods under primal and peripheral processing, as well as affect -and behavior conditioning. Variables impact Mood Moods can be affected by many contrastive variables. Gardner (1985) discusses studies of in symbiotic variables found to induce mood states, such as stick out and temperature variation, positive test feedback, finding a dime in a phone booth, winning a computer game, receiving a free gift, getting cookies, and receiving good news and bad news.Participation in activities such as joyful or frowning, reading stories, and recalling or imagining emotional experiences may also induce mood changes. In view of the fact that music is a park element in commercials, and one w hich has a long history of mood inducement in a variety of contexts, the next section will focus on how music has been used as an independent variable to affect moods, as well as other dependent variables of care to marketers. For brevity, this section will highlight key studies.Details on these and other studies are in Alpert and Alpert (1990) and Bruner (forthcoming). Gorn (1982) suggests that peripheral influences such as background music used in commercials may become associated with the advertised product (in memory, even if not consciously), and influence product choice through classical conditioning. Mere image did not lead to liking, which apparently depended on whether the target product, a pen, was presented with want vs. diswish music.The second experiment by Gorn (1982) provided support for his hypothesis that when subjects were not in a decision-making mode the commercials impact appeared to be more powerful in its appeal when presented with musical background as op posed to product information. He concluded that through classical conditioning, the product becomes associated with the positive feelings of liked music. ? Commercial Business Uses of Music in Advertising Business uses of music in advertising date back to the earliest days of broadcast media.In the 1920s and 1930s, marketers like Procter and Gamble pioneered the concept of linking brand names to distinctive musical and dramatic themes. The approach was used not only in radio ads, but also in programming that the companies developed and controlled. It was later adapted to television commercials and to the enormously popular soap operas of the 1950s. Now music is used in advertising in key formats as a useful tool to sell products. Radio Two characteristics of radio give music a particularly important role.First, the medium is entirely dependent on engaging, creative audio. Second, because most listeners tune into the radio while hotheaded or performing other activities, music helps to focus the consumers attention on the product. Jingles, which are original tunes composed specifically to support a certain brand, are widespread in radio advertising. They are effective in enhancing recall of the brand name and key selling points. Television and multimedia system Producers of television commercials and other forms of multimedia advertising frequently purchase licensing rights to popular music.They also hire composers and lyricists to create original music. In these media, it is important for music to complement, not compete with, the visual elements of an ad. However, songs and background tunes can be more memorable than pictures and words in establishing a mood or bring a brand image to life. Branded Entertainment or Product Placement Rapidly growing in popularity, this is the newest way of integrating music with a business strategy. An original entertainment product, like a music video, is created by marketers to showcase their brand.The idea is to build cons umers sense of connection to a brand by engaging them with music. Coke Studio a loose Success for Coke Music is helping Coke against its competitor Pepsi in the cola war in Pakistan. By sponsoring Coke Studio, Coke has gained major market dish out at Pepsis expense, according to a report in the Wall Street Journal. Coke now claims 35% of market share in Pakistan Pepsis market share is now down to 65% from a high of 80% in 1990s which was achieved mainly through sponsorship of play in Pakistan.Coke Studio, sponsored by Coca Cola Pakistan, is a one-hour show that features musicians playing a distinct blend of fusion music that mixes traditional and fresh styles. Helped by the media boom in Pakistan, the show has had dramatic success since it was launched three years ago. Effects of Music on Shoppers and Restaurant Patrons According to a research people who heard music while shopping or eating at a restaurant or mall is influenced by the music and it affects what they buy and what they spend.Loudness, pace, rhythm of music effects on how long consumer spends their time in malls and restaurants, how much they purchase and how they view brands or products positively or negatively. Another research shows that departmental stores which play, top 20 music on the music chart, shoppers over 25 of those departmental stores believe that they have spent more time there and purchased more. On the other hand, departmental stores which play soft instrumental music, shoppers under 25 believe that they have spent more time shopping than they have.Therefore, these findings indicate that less favored or unfamiliar music slows down the perceived time of the shoppers. (Yalch & Spangenberg, 1990). REFERENCES http//www. queenslandnewsagents. com. au/assets/images/MusicConsumerBehaviour. pdf www. musiccog. ohio-state. edu http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Songs_in_advertising http//www. acrwebsite. org/search/view-conference-proceedings. aspx? Id=7166 suit101. com southasiainvestor. com riazhaq. com pakistanlink. org