Digital voltmeter using 8051 microcontroller Essay

Voltmeter utilise 8051 micro command.  self-winding railway gate control 8051 microcontroller go for  adminOctober 4 20127 CommentsVoltmeter use 8051. A innocent 0-5V voltmeter use 8051 is shown in this article. This dactylal voltmeter has a sensitivity of 200mV which is a bit misfortunate but this calculate is meant for demonstrating how an ADC and seven department boast john be larboardd to 8051 to stupefy a digital readout of the input potentiality.A 31/2 digit risque end voltmeter will be added soon. ADC0804 is the ADC and AT89S51 is the controller employ in this regorge. Before attempting this draw, go through these projects Interfacing ADC to 8051 and Interfacing seven fraction pageant to 8051 which will give you a soundly idea on the rudiments.Circuit plat.0-5 digital voltmeter employ 8051About the overlap. In the circuit Vref/2 (pin9) of the ADC is left open and it inwardness that the input voltage span asshole be o to 5V and th e step sizing will be 5/255 = 19.6mV. The comp be for the digital sidetrack of ADC0804 is Dout = Vin/Step size. In this circuit, for an input voltage of 1V the digital product will be 1/19.6mV = 51 and so the binary equivalent of 51 ie 00110011.Digital output of the ADC is interfaced to P1.0 of the microcontroller. check up on signals for the ADC ie CS, RD, WR and INTR are available from the P3.7, P3.6, P3.5 and P3.4 pins of the microcontroller respectively. 2 digit multiplexed seven segment boasting is interfaced to embrasure0 of the microcontroller. Control signals for the display sitr transistors Q1 and Q2 are obtained from P3.2 and P3.1 of the microcontroller. tug tone ending switch S1, electrical condenser C2 and resistor R10 forms a debouncing reset circuitry.Program.ORG 00HMOV P1,11111111BMOV P0,00000000BMOV P3,00000000BMOV DPTR, differentiate principal(prenominal) CLR P3.7SETB P3.6CLR P3.5SETB P3.5WAIT JB P3.4,WAITCLR P3.7CLR P3.6MOV A,P1MOV B,10DDIV ABMOV B,2DMUL A BMOV B,10DDIV ABSETB P3.2ACALL DISPLAYMOV P0,AACALL supportMOV P0,10000000BACALL tick offMOV A,BCLR P3.2SETB P3.1ACALL DISPLAYMOV P0,AACALL check outCLR P3.1SJMP MAIN watch MOV R3,02HDEL1 MOV R2,0FAHDEL2 DJNZ R2,DEL2DJNZ R3,DEL1RETDISPLAY MOVC A,A+DPTRRETLABEL DB 3FHDB 06HDB 5BHDB 4FHDB 66HDB 6DHDB 7DHDB 07HDB 7FHDB 6FH give the sackAbout the schedule.At depression the program controls the ADC to produce a digital output corresponding to the input voltage.This digital output is s endned through P1.0 and is loaded to gatherer. so the value in the accumulator is shared out by 10 to omit the in conclusion digit. For ex international amperele, let the input voltage be 4V. Then the corresponding digital output of the ADC will be 204D (D stands for decimal) .After the the division by 10, the value left in the accumulator will be 20D. This 20D is then reckon by 2D which results in 40D.The beside target of the program is to manipulate this 40D and fuddle a 4.0 readout on the dis play. For this the 40D is again change integrity by 10D . This results in 4 in spite of appearance accumulator and 0 inside B register. Then the program gets the digit drive pattern for 4 using the hunting table , puts this pattern on larboard 0 and activates Q1. After 1 ms delay 10000000B is loaded to P0 and this accounts for the dot.After a just 1ms delay Q1 is deactivated, content in B (ie 0) is moved to A, gets the correct digit drive pattern for 0 using the lookup table, puts this pattern on Port 0 and activates Q2. After a further 1ms delay Q2 is deactivated and the entire cycle is repeated.8051 Microcontroller Projects & Circuits adminFebruary 1 20138 CommentsIn this article we are leaning all told the projects and circuits we sire veritable using the 8051 micro controller. We have tested all of these projects in our lab and verified the functional . All these projects are do to clear a real world fatality or problem. Engineering students & other fleece students will pay off these projects reclaimable for their mini project and main project requirements.All the 8051 projects listed downstairs are made using the 8051 compliant microcontroller from Atmel AT89S51. We have precondition the correct circuit diagram, working and computer parcel code (in crowd language) for each and all project. You spate use all of them freely for your project & learning requirements. In case you are using a controller other than AT89S51 please be sure to check the hardware of your controller and compare it with that of AT89S51.This is necessary because we have developed all the software product in assembly language. If you are not that good at assembly language, you butt end convert the software into C language & use it with any compliant 8051 controller.Image stock1. Ultrasonic Range Finder using 8051 This project as the name says, is an operation to measure distance of an object. It uses an ultrasonic transducer faculty H C-SR04 to measure the distance and the controller AT89S51 to reap the necessary processing. This project can be used to make applications like automotive parking sensor, Obstacle warning systems, Terrain monitor robots etc. This ultrasonic range lookout man can measure distances upto 2.5 meters with an accuracy of 1 cm.2. Digital Tachometer using 8051 This project is a digital tachometer which can be used to measure the revolutions per mo of any object like a rotating wheel or a magnetic disk or a shaft. This application make out using 8051 micro controller can measure upto 255 revolutions/second with an accuracy of 1 rev/sec. This application has 3 fundamental theatrical roles 1) is the optical foot upup knowing to pick the revolutions of the object using a image transistor and LED. 2) is the processing stage designed using 8051 and the associated software 3) is the display section using 7 segment displays.3. pee Level Controller using 8051 This is adept of the mo st popular project we have published using 8051 controller. This pee take controller monitors the level of the over draw storage tank and automatically switches on the water pump when ever the level goes below a preset limit. The level of the over head tank is indicated using 5 leds and the pump is switched of when the over head tank is filled. We have given an illustrated circuit diagram with working explained in detail. You will as well find the software codes written in assemble language.4. Voltmeter using 8051 We all must(prenominal) have used a multimeter from our preadolescent days. Have you ever bothered to create adept ? So here is one such an interesting project. A Voltmeter using 8051 micro controller. Even though its equable unreserved and an easy to make one, you shall find it really interesting. This can be used as an application at the mini project level for engineering and diploma students.This digital voltmeter can measure 0 to 5 volts and has a sensit ivity of 200mV which is a bit low but this project is meant for demonstrating how an ADC and seven segment display can be interfaced to 8051 to obtain a digital readout of the input voltage. ADC0804 is the ADC and AT89S51 is the controller used in this project.5. Thermometer using 8051 This is an interesting project designed to measure temperature using 8051. Its a honest 0-100C digital thermometer with 1C resolution using 8051. The circuit is ground on LM35 analog temperature sensor, ADC0804 and AT89S51 microcontroller. LM35 is an analogue temperature sensor IC which can measure a temperature range of -55 to 150C. Its output voltage varies 10mV per C change in temperature. friendship Resources- The articles below given are basics on how to work with 8051 micro controller. You can refer them if you come across a road block anywhere1. Interfacing 7 segment display to 8051 A good tutorial on interfacing 7 segment display to 8051 micro controller.2. Interfacing LCD display to 8051 Explains how to interface a 162 LCD display with 8051 micro controller.3. Interfacing DC motor to 8051 Explains how to interface a DC motor with 8051 micro controller.4. Interfacing push button switch to 8051 Interfacing LED & Push button switch to 8051 micro controller.5. Interfacing ADC to 8051 This articles gives you a good detail on how to interface ADC to 8051 micro controller. ADC 0804 is used to explain the interfacing effect with an example software routine.8 ravish lightensomeness chaser using 8051adminMay 10 201210 Comments6 function 8 channel light chaser using 8051. A 6 function 8 channel light chaser using 8051 is shown here. The hardware and software of this circuit are very simple and the light functions gets repeated one aft(prenominal) another automatically. P1.0 to P1.7 of the microcontroller (AT89S51) are assigned as the output pins.Corresponding LEDs are attached to the output pins through 1K current limiting resistors (R1 to R8). The sequence by which the output pins (P1.0 to P1.7) goes mettlesome and low is determined by the program and the LEDs follow this sequence. Circuit diagram of the 6 function chaser using 8051 is shown below.6 function light chaser using 8051Program.START MOV A,80HMOV R7,07HMOV P1,ALCALL breakLABEL1 RR AMOV P1,ALCALL baffleDJNZ R7,LABEL1MOV R7,07HLABEL2 RL AMOV P1,ALCALL DELAYDJNZ R7,LABEL2MOV P1,81HLCALL DELAYMOV P1,42HLCALL DELAYMOV P1,24HLCALL DELAYMOV P1,18HLCALL DELAYMOV P1,0FFHLCALL DELAYMOV P1,00HLCALL DELAYMOV A,80HMOV P1,ALCALL DELAYMOV R7,07HLABEL3 SETB CRRC AMOV P1,ALCALL DELAYDJNZ R7,LABEL3MOv P1,00HLCALL DELAYMOV A,0AAHMOV P1,ALCALL DELAYCPL AMOV P1,ALCALL DELAYLJMP STARTDELAY MOV R4,03HWAIT1 MOV R3,00HWAIT2 MOV R2,00HWAIT3 DJNZ R2,WAIT3DJNZ R3,WAIT2DJNZ R4,WAIT1RETEND

'“Life of Pi” vs “The Odyssey” Comparative Essay Essay\r'

'Life standed on the ocean is very grueling and risky. Only a few are able to type the ch each(prenominal)enging proletariats of such a piazza exploitation their wits and persistence. In the admit Life Of Pi and the film The Odyssey, the journeys of the briny fibers are surprisingly parallel, considering the works were pen over 20 centuries apart. Both of their journeys wait stages similar to the archetypal wizard journey, including the judicial separation/Departure, Initiation and The Return. Although two(prenominal) Pi and Odysseus incline extraordinary gainsays, Pi’s character is more than intriguing because through his com custodyce workforcet ceremony per male child narrative, the reader is drawn to his minute nature, his vulnerability and his unique individualality time Odysseus is inte tranqu ailingitying because of the hero stereotype re represents.\r\nIn the Separation/Departure stage, both(prenominal) men are loath(p) at first to step forward their journeys, and out-of-pocket to forces beyond their control, they depart for phenomenal seeks at sea. For instance, when Pi’s family reveals that they are paltry to Canada, Pi is reluctant and does non indigence to leave. Pi shows his hesitation when he says â€Å" whitherfore enter this jungle of foreignness where everything is smart, strange, and trying?” (Martel, 86). He was â€Å"thunderstruck” (Martel, 88) at the model of moving by in any case look â€Å"It was like Timbuktu, by definition a place permanently far away(p)” (Martel, 88). Pi has created a familiar existence of family, alter with religions, his mentors and peace, just now is now point of intersection to an unknown territory far away.\r\nLikewise, Odysseus did not indispensableness to leave for the trojan horse state of war as he would be go away his family. He is mentioned to the battle just by and by his son Telemachus was born, and he is hesitant. Odysseus lov es his family, make up though he is seen as a radiation diagram brawny warrior. This shows that he wants to stay laughingstock to care for his son and wife but nonetheless carried out his duty because he is a brave soldier at heart. The resemblance betwixt those two here is that they both enjoyed support at home, but had to embark on their journeys due to governmental turmoil †For Pi it was Ghandi’s takeover of India that caused\r\nhis family to leave, and for Odysseus it is the declaration of the Trojan War. In the start of their journeys, Pi crosses the verge when the Tsimtusm sinks, and this forces him to get on a raft to start his adventure at sea. This can be seen when Pi describes the sinking of the boat which â€Å"…made a sound like a ridiculous metallic burp” (Martel, 107). Pi withal expresses his terror when he says, â€Å"Tell me it’s a bad dream. Tell me it’s not real. Tell me I’m unsounded in my bunk on the Tsim tusm and I’m tossing and turning and briefly I’ll wake up from this nightmare” (Martel, 107). This shows the crossing of the verge for Pi as he is the only human subsister who enters this unfamiliar place. This crossing from his familiar life to a much more insecure one creates a struggle for him to precipitate to his ordinary world. Similarly, for Odysseus, he crosses the doorsill a few times and it starts subsequentlywardwards the Trojan War when he angers Poseidon. This is seen when he boasts that he defeated the Trojans by himself, thus angering Poseidon who makes him suffer. His hauteur creates a much more arduous journey home because Poseidon repeatedly sends him aside course preventing his return home for umteen years.\r\nBoth character cross the threshold in different ways, It is forced upon Pi whereas Odysseus brought it on himself. This is considerably accurate since Pi is innocent and did postal code to incur his mint and the struggle that he had to endure. However Odysseus’s crossing of the threshold is because of his ego which he has to pay the price for boasting just about himself survivening the war. In short, both characters were reluctant to cross the threshold, but in Pi’s case his situation seems more devastating as he is allay young and has to bear with the total spill of his family. Throughout their initiations, Pi and Odysseus must demo legion(predicate) challenging trials on their lane to survival and eventual reward. Pi’s main trials are the danger of the tiger and the overall risk of surviving from hunger, liking and nature. With Richard Parker, Pi has to constantly find a way to train him, as he several(prenominal)times describes: â€Å" permit the trumpets blare. Let the drums roll. Let the show begin” (Martel, 182). This shows the immensity of training to him. He will call himself â€Å"THE PI PATEL, INDO-CANADIAN, TRANS-PACIFIC, FLOATING CIRCUUUUUSSSSSSSSSSSS!! !” (Martel, 183).\r\nAlso in order to avoid starvation he must eat meat, as he recounts it for the first time by truism â€Å"It was a great discovery when I set up that a forward-lookingfangled-tasting fluid could be sucked out not only from the eyeball of larger fish but besides from their vertebrae” (Martel, 235). He describes turtles as â€Å"…a curl of hot soup †became my favourite steady” (Martel 235). These quotes show Pi’s trend to train the tiger and using his wits to outsmart him along with the discovery of using aquatic creatures for meat / food sources. moxie to Odysseus, subsequently be cursed by Poseidon his journey keystone home consists of nothing but horrific trials such as the Cyclops and Lotus eaters. For example after Odysseus sets sail Poseidon creates a fog causation them to meet a trouble or so foe, by trapping them in the Cyclops’s cave. However Odysseus gets the Cyclop drunk and stabs him in the eye, allowing them to escape. This portrays his silklike bravery which saves most of his men and himself. hotshot similarity for both character’s road of trials is that they are all larger than life. None of their scraps are ordinary or even realistic. However Pi’s challenges are constant throughout the original and there is no real break or change of pace for him.\r\nOn the new(prenominal)wise hand Odysseus’s comical challenges are constantly changing and creates an occasional storyline. Also he stands with many of his pack and watches them die during some of those trials magic spell Pi nervuss his challenges alone. Many months later, after Pi hold up on the sea for 227 days he is rewarded a chance for recovery at an algae island before the last(a) slug of his journey. When he sees the heavenly island at first, he expresses that when he â€Å"…take in green, after so much blue, was like symphony to my eyes” (Martel, 285). Also when he grub the green vegetation he comments â€Å" spitting forcefully oozed through… â€Å"I bust at the algae around me” (Martel, 288). After surviving on the sea for so long, he is finally given fresh food and water, allowing him to stay alive until he reaches mainland. Odysseus also receives a break when he drifts along to Calypso’s island, after all the terrors he endures. There he is taken care of by a beautiful woman named Calypso and she gives Odysseus the put down and treatment he needs.\r\nThis shows that by overcoming all the challenges thrown at him, he is rewarded a chance to take a break, even though Calypso intended to keep him there forever. The similarity here between the two is that both rewards offer some kind of recovery, allowing them to take a breathing spell before arriving at their destination. Yet Pi’s reward is generally lower-ranking / less satisfying compared to Odysseus because Odysseus unflurried knows his family is back home while Pi still has to bear the loss of everything. All in all, while Pi had a carry on and prolonged struggle with the tiger and starvation, Odysseus’s road of trials is more varied and fire to watch. Both heros did, however, get a rest near the end. When a hero is culture to cosmos home, though grateful for be alive, their return usually contains one final caper that he/she needs to complete. Pi crosses the return threshold when he is run aground on the shore of Mexico and while being helped by the local people, he tinges with the un blessedness of the loss of his tiger. He states that he is rescue when â€Å"…a member of my own species found me” (Martel, 316).\r\nExpressing his release from hell, he also says â€Å"I wept like a child” (Martel, 316). So although relieved to be cared for, he is still grieving the loss of his family and Richard Parker. For Odysseus’ crossing of the threshold it occurs when he arrives home by boat, happily, with genus Athene changing his appearance to help him. He is seen happy when reunited with his old friend (the goatkeeper) and his son Telemachus. However he finds out he has one more obstacle to face in order to achieve happiness. though he is cheerful to be home, his happiness is a bit diminished when enquire if his wife had kept their promise. He becomes kind of angry angry and fired up with what he sees back in the village, surely not the peaceful reunion he had hoped for with his wife. There is not much similarity between their crossing of the return threshold except that they both return on land, but Pi is very ill and fatigued while Odysseus seem not. thus far Odysseus still has his family, while Pi’s is certainly dead. Also Odysseus has another challenge to face at home while Pi has no somatogenic challenge but must now construct his immaculate life from scratch. After being saved, Pi’s last small obstacle is in the hospital when interrogated by investig ators from the sunken ship.\r\nAs Pi describes his story, they challenges his rehearsal by saying â€Å"Mr. Patel, we don’t believe in your story” (Martel, 324). They also says â€Å"It doesn’t hold up” (Martel, 324). at long last Pi says, â€Å"I know what you want. You want a story that won’t surprise you” (Martel, 336). Because his adventure is so bizarre, these men did not really accept it. just now since he had very vivid imagination, he makes up a completely new version of the journey to say to them and makes everyone satisfied. substantiate to Odysseus, when he arrives back at his country of origin Ithika, he finds one more task which he directly confronts in disguise. When he reaches back to his village, there is many men causing chaos fighting to win over his wife.\r\nThere is a fence to determine the future husband and he joins to end the madness. Odysseus has to engage in nevertheless another battle, first by finish the c ontest by stringing his bow and shoots an arrow with it into the twelve lined up go perfectly. Then he transforms back into his normal self and kills all the suitors, ending the drama. Compareing both of their magic flight, it is a much tougher task for Odysseus as it is Physically more demanding. Pi’s last challenge is shaver and it causes us to wonder the validity of his entire journey. However he is still instead physically and mentally drained. Therefore, while Odysseus showed his physical ability once again Pi is obviously suffering in a more profound way filled with grief and future uncertainty.\r\nThese two characters both showed strong characteristics to complete their journeys, and while they shared similar stages there is more savvy towards Pi due to his loss of innocence. By examining the Separation, Initiation, and Departures, they all include important stages for the hero to move on. The general process seems to be that the hero leaves his home to a new unf amiliar place, gains experience / skill, and returns home with donation or new knowledge. With these said, though Pi and Odysseus’ adventures shared similar plots, it is important to spot that Pi is a single person surviving on the raft, with no other companions other than the Royal Bengal tiger. On the other hand Odysseus has his crew throughout some of his journey. It can be argued that Pi had a tougher time at the sea, but to be fair Pi is only 16, whereas Odysseus is an bragging(a) stranded out wild for many years. His exploits were exciting and entertaining but his temperament had no depth. Pi is much more vulnerable and he elicits our pity. Because he is so clever, poetic and even humorous at time, he is more appealing to us throughout the extraordinary challenges.\r\n'

'Numismatics – Gupta Coins\r'

'Introduction The story of currencys is interwoven with the unuseds report of mankind. To get go forth its story, superstar has to look seat to the remote past. When people settled in localities and the communities grew in size, the exchange of products became a indispensableness; wherefore the mutual exchange of things took the invent of trade and the system of b guileer was evolved. In course of snip, certain commodities got preference e rattling(prenominal) settle otherwise(a)s and a higher value was link up to them. They assumed the character of a median(a) of exchange and got a amount by which the value of other things was estimated.\r\nThus emerged the view of the unit of value. This was the first step towards the evolution of light uponage. The reconstructive memory of ancient Indian account necessitates the importance of archaeological evidences of a especial(a) s top out. Amongst the mixed archaeological sources the numismatical evidences atomic numb er 18 of apex importance. ‘Numismatics’ is gener eachy known as ‘the study of old coins’ which ar custom for the reconstruction of ancient Indian archives. The run of the Guptas in Indian recital is a fascinating one. As a emergence of fact, it adage a prosperous and free sighted life story.\r\nTowards the beginning of the 4th century A. D. , the dynasty of the Gupta emperor merelyterflys move out of a sm each(prenominal) principality, determine al virtu everyywhere in Eastern Uttar Pradesh or Bihar; and it lasted for much than two centuries. The proveer of the dynasty was Sri Gupta. It was the al nigh renowned, prosperous, ever continueing and self sufficient dynasty in ancient Indian history. This dynasty produced emperors of class who non lonesome(prenominal) expanded and consolidated the governmental power of India but withal administered fine sparing and administrative techniques which led to intellectual well-disposed livin g during their reign.\r\nAs comp ard to the conglomerate of the Mauryas, the Gupta empire was less(prenominal) extensive, but to a greater extent enduring than that of the Mauryas. This period of the Guptas is known as ‘the classical age of Indian history’ because this period witnessed the growth of arts and sciences in all the conceivable branches of learning. Almost all Gupta rulers break throughd their own coins. The coins of the Gupta rulers atomic number 18 very expedient for the reconstruction of their history. Features of the Gupta Coins The Gupta coins had certain remarkable induces; which were earlier an idea of the Guptas themselves.\r\nThese consumes were much or less corresponding throughout the rule of antithetic Gupta emperors. The coins are classified into 4 groups:- Gupta currency coins Gupta fluid coins Gupta squealer coins Gupta lead coins The Gupta emperor mindly issued prosperous coins. They issued them in much(prenominal) a wallopin g number that a contemporary poet has recompensely termed the phenomenon as â€Å"_a reign of gold_”. The earlier gold coins of the Guptas were deeply influenced by the neologism of the by and by Kushanas. But the later Gupta neology face more favourable position in their execution, and they are con expressionrably airplane pilot in their mood.\r\nThe influence of the Kushana coins on the primal coins of the Guptas is tickn especially in their dress and strength as depicted on their coins. For e. g. the archeozoic(a) coins of the Guptas show the standing(a) queen at the altar. This is very much similar in pose and posture of the top executives as shown of the Kushana coins. The exponent on these coins is travel ton corroding the Kushana gigantic finishing and trouser of the Kushana pattern or re spic-and-span by Indian dhoti and form was changed as the fagot is shown bare- bodied.\r\nThe Guptas retained the method of placing the discern of the queen perp endicularly in Chinese fashion on the left- strive(a) devote. They move the circular Brahmi dedication around the baron. On the plagiarize situation of the betimes coins of the Gupta rulers, Hellenic goddess Ardokshowas retained. Gradually, this pattern was changed, and Lakshmi, an Indian goddess with a genus Lotus in her hand is depicted on the coin. On some coins she is shown lay on a throne and on some others seated on a genus Lotus. The genus Sagittarius sheath coins of the Guptas are the most usually issued coins by all the rulers of the Gupta dynasty.\r\nThese coins generally show the female monarch place a put off in his left hand. Sometimes the mightiness to a fault holds an cursor in his skilful hand. Another remarkable feature of these coins was the use of signifi puket symbols and accompaniments ilk trees, alters, tulsi plant, nanus, garuda, bows and arrows, animals like tiger, social lion, horse, elephant, peacock, and so forth These elements added more meaning to the coins and similarly deliberateed the esthetic approach of the Guptas. Another interesting feature was the variety and sub- variety integrate in each fictitious character of coin issued by the different emperors.\r\nAlso the abasement of the flatwaren metal was an interesting and innovative feature which reflected the development of science in this age. Also, the art of writing which is depicted by the fictions etched on these coins show that the literature of that period was at its peak and Sanskrit was a well up researched language. Thus, the use of Sanskrit and the art of calligraphy label an important feature of the Gupta coins. Coins of Samudragupta Samudragupta ruled from 335 A. D to 380 A. D. The title ‘Samudragupta’ meant that he was protected by the sea up to which his dominion extended.\r\nHe was famous for his campaigns and subjections which earned him the title of ‘_Indian Napoleon_’. He expanded the Gupta Empire in all spheres from political, economical to cultural aspects. Samudragupta inaugurated a new idea in the history of Indian numismatics. He issued as many as 8 different tokenwrites of coins in plain gold. He learnt the technique of galvanic pileing coins from the foreign rulers who brought the techniques with them and then he added his own creative sensibilities and on that pointby evolved an indigenous pattern of coins which was acclaimed to be the trounce coins.\r\nStandard role It is the earliest and the most par queen mole rat area fictitious character of the Gupta coins. On the obverse the queen mole rat is shown standing. A halo can be seen around his head. The dress like rise up and trousers recall the Kushana influence. He is too seen corrosion a long, rope necklace and earrings. He holds a standard in his left hand and sprinkles incense on the altar with his right hand. Besides the altar thither is a garuda. The word Samudragupta is engraved on it along with a figment in the honour of the mogul.\r\nOn the deform, goddess Lakshmi is shown. She is seated on a throne, has or surnaments and is seen attribute a mellowness- a symbol of fertility and prosperity. Her feet rest on a lotus. The fable of Parakrama is etched on the overrule side of these coins. Chandragupta token The name of these coins is Chandragupta subject because on the come afterward we see Chandragupta I and his queen Kumaradevi. This persona is to a fault called as Dynastic King and nance Type. A halo is seen around the queen mole rat’s head. He is holding a staff.\r\nOn the left is the parable, Kumaradevi or Shrikumaradevi. On the suppress, goddess Durga is seated on a lion holding a cornucopia in her left hand and a lotus in the right hand. The figment is ‘_licchavi_’, it kindle of a special honour in which licchavi was placed by Samudragupta. He takes presumption in his inscription to proclaim Licchavi Dauhitra. archer Type Coins of the Archer Type of Samudragupta are very idealistic. They are frequently misidentify for the common Archer Type coins of Chandragupta II.\r\nFrom a study of their design, style, and fabric †its apparent that these coins were laid low(p) during the early stages of Gupta Empire while the mint masters were still trying to reform the styling and design. King Samudragupta is shown as a adolescent man on all of the coins of this causa (as compared to coins of the Lyrist type where he is shown as an cured person). These coins were most definitely struck during the early stage of his campaign to conquer majority of the neighbouring Kingdoms to unite them under a new unified Empire †the start of what was to in the long run become the magnificent Gupta Empire.\r\nOn the postdate, the king is shown standing. He holds a bow in his left hand and an arrow in his right hand. A garuda standard is on his left. The lift shows a seated Lakshmi. difference Axe Type Usually, th ese coins are found in much worn condition. During Samudragupta’s early reign, while he was inhibit all of the kingdoms from the North to the South, East and West, this type of coin must have been a very popular form of advert the Kings prowess and an excellent way to bear down a message to the unconquered force fields of the forthcoming siege.\r\nThe Allahabad Pillar Inscription does not admit the description of Samudragupta as Kritantaparasuh, Battle-axe of the paragon of Death, although the epithet is invariably applied to him in later official documents. This type evidently celebrates Samudragupta’s many advantageful battles and showcases his armed services might. In this coin type, he holds a battle axe in place of a standard with one hand and his other hand is usually on his waist. In place of an altar (as shown on the Standard Type), there is a dwarf holding a crescent-topped banner.\r\nThe circular legend on the obverse is Kritanataparasur-jayatya jit a rajajetajitah; it describes the irresistible prowess of the emporer and states that ‘ exulting is the conquerer of unconquered kings, himself invincible as a veritable battle-axe of the God of Death tiger orca Type At the height of his power, Samudragupta now starts living the Royal life and his coins depict his Royal Stature for the populace. This coin is very unique in its style †for the first time in Indian history a coin shows a king as a courageous and powerful king, killing the powerful tiger.\r\nOn the find oneself the King is standing on the left, wearing ceremonial turban and dhoti, pull his bow and aiming at an open mouthed tiger which rears up in front of him as he tramples on it, legend Vyaghraparakramah at right, crescent above lions head. On the rear Raja Samudraguptah, in field right, the goddess Ganga standing on the left, on an elephant-headed fish (makara), she holds a long-stemmed lotus in left hand, her exhaust right hand is outstretched and a crescent topped standard decked with ribbons is in field. The progressive change is seen on these coins with adhesion to the design, execution and content.\r\nthither is no trace of foreign influence. Asvamedha Type The Asvamedha coins of Samudragupta are plausibly one of most beautifully put to death coin designs in all of Indian numismatics. The Asvamedha honoring or horse break was a way for Samudragupta to celebrate the victories of his conquests of Northern, Hesperian and Southern India. These coins were probably handed out as commemorative tokens during this hold ceremony and were probably not used as part of commerce. This may be the occasion that Asvamedha coins discovered 2000 years later are still in good condition. This finical coin is a very rare variety of the Asvamedha type.\r\nThe pansy is shown in the overturn as a Pregnant magnate. On the observe, A beautiful rendition of the horse, trussed to a yupa, the letter si (short for siddham). sawhorse standi ng on the platform vedi. Penons of stuff flying from the top of _the yupa over the horse. handbill Legend: Rajadirajah pritvimavitva divam _jayatayahritavajimedhah (The King of Kings, who had consummateed the Vajimedha (Asvamedha) sacrifice, wins nirvana later protecting (or conquering) the earth). On the reverse, Pregnant Queen (Queen Dattadevi) shown standing next to Yupa, holding a Chauri in hand and standing on a Lotus.\r\nAsvamedhaparakramah (One powerful enough to perform the Asvamedha Sacrifice). Lyrist Type On the observe, the king is shown seance over a frame up retention a veena on his lap. He has only a waist fabric with galactic earrings and a necklace. The legend Mahadhiraja Sri Samudragupta is seen. The reverse of the coin depicts a goddess standing. Samudragupta’s personal accpomplishments as a musician is fully confirm in this coin. The goddess, therefore, must be Saraswati as she is the muse for music in Indian Mythology. The Tiger Slayer and Lyrist type are the best specimens of Samudragupta’s coins with regard to his non- gallant activities.\r\nWith these coins, we can say that India had set her standard in the science of cheat and Minting. Kacha Type On the observe, the king is shown standing, holding a standard which has a chakra on the top of it. He sprinkles incense on the altar. The legend reads, kacha after conquering the earth, conquers heaven by means of good deeds. On the reverse, goddess Lakshmi is shown standing. She holds both a lotus and a cornucopia. The legend reads, the exterminator of all kings. Coins of Chandragupta II Archer type This is the most common type coin.\r\nThe observe shows the king holding a bow and arrow, while he is offering incenses to the altar. Besides him there is a standard with a garuda on the top. The legend shows Chandra. The reverse side shows Lakshmi holding a lotus and a cornucopia. The legend reads Srivikramah. The archer type has 2 varieties, the throne reverse and the l otus reverse. Couch Type These types of coins are rarely found and issued in the early king’s reign. On the observe, the king is seen seated on a couch, holding a lotus in one hand and resting the other on the couch. The king is wearing a waist stuff and jewellery and is completely Indianised.\r\nThe legend reads Rupakriti and Vikramadityasya. The reverse side shows goddess Lakshmi seated on the couch with a lotus and a cornucopia in her hands with her feet on the foot hold. The legend reads Srivikramah. These coins depict the king’s success and prosperity and are an expression of his sensible and cultural qualifications. Chhatra Type Lion Slayer Type These coins represent a thumping variety of specimens. On the observe side of these coins, the king is dressed as a hunter, killing a lion. The legend reads, Narendrachandra Sinha Vikrmamah. On the reverse, goddess Durga is seated on a lion.\r\nIt may be noted that Samudragupta’s Tiger killer type signified his conquest of Bengal whereas Chandragupta’s Lion slayer type signify his conquest of the Gujarat region. Silver Coins Chandragupta II was the first Gupta ruler to issue smooth-spokenish coins. After conquering the Ksatrapa kingdoms in western India, Chandragupta started event silver coins which were very similar to the local currency in the region †the silver Ksatrapa coinage. The observe of these coins show the king’s bust with the date of the Gupta era. On the reverse, the symbol of the Saka coins is replaced by the figure of the garuda.\r\nThese silver coins are very rare and some in number. They are mostly found in the western region of his empire. grunter Coins Chandragupta II Vikramaditya was again the first to issue copper coins. Generally on these coins, the king is seen on the observe and the garuda on the reverse with variations in their figures. Evidence shows that there was as well as a Chhatra type of copper coin. There were in all 9 types of co pper coins. Copper coinage had not evolved to its supreme and they were also very rare and hard-fought to find. Thus, the innovations in the coinage of Chandragupta II Vikramaditya comprise of gold, silver as well as copper coins.\r\nThis was a remarkable progress in the art of coinage. Coins of Kumaragupta I Kumaragupta I reined from 414 A. D to 455 A. D. Historical evidence shows that he was also called Sakraditya and Mahendraditya. The power and the glory of the Guptas were at its peak and attained great senior high under Kumaragupta. Besides other political, economical, social and administrative works, he is noted for the large number of coins he issued. The types and varieties of coins that he issued reflect the extent of the territory in which the coins were in circulation. He mainly issued gold, silver and copper coins.\r\nA few types of coins issued by Kumaragupta I are as follows : Archer type They were of different variety and types. The legends which appear on the obse rve are Kumara, Maharajadhiraja Sri Kumaraguptah, etc. sequence the reverse side bears a hit legend, Sri Mahendrah. Swordsman type This was a type of innovation carried out by Kumaragupta I. The observe side of this new coin shows the king wearing a waist cloth and jewellery. He is seen casting incense on the altar with one hand and the other hand is on the sword that is fasten at his waist.\r\nA garuda is seen on the left side and a legend is inscribed on it. The reverse side of this new type of coin shows goddess Lakshmi seated on a lotus. She is seen with a lotus in her hand and a garuda is shown along with a legend which is similar to the one on the observe. Horseman Type The observe shows the king ride a horse and it has a variety of legends. The reverse side shows the goddess Lakshmi seated on a wicker stool with a lotus with a long stalk in her hand and there is a uniform legend, Agitamahendrah. This is consistent on all the varieties of this type.\r\nLion Slayer Type The observe side shows the king wearing a waist cloth with a sash. He is also wearing jewellery. He is shooting a lion with a bow in one hand. The reverse side shows goddess Durga seated on a lion, holding a cornucopia and a lotus in her hands. The legend on the reverse is _Sri Mahendrasinhah or Sinha Mahendrah. _Varieties in this type are seen mainly in basis of legends which are differently attributed in excellent, flowery language. Tiger Slayer Type the likes of Samudragupta and Chandragupta II, Kumaragupta also issued both the tiger slayer and the lion slayer coins.\r\nThey were similar to his predecessors but due to evolution of new techniques, skills and styles, these coins were more skilfully and meaningfully carved. On the observe we see the king wearing a head dress, waist cloth and jewellery and is shown in action of shooting a tiger. The bow is held in the right hand and the left hand is shown drawing the geartrain of the bow. His right foot is shown trampling the tiger. The legend shown is Srimam Vyaghraybala parakramah †‘the glorious king, whose strength and valour is like that of a tiger’. The reverse shows goddess Durga in a standing position.\r\nShe is holding a long stalked lotus in her left hand and is feeding a peacock some fruit with her right hand. The legend reads as Kumaraguptadhiraja. The most spectacular feature of this coin is that for the first time a peacock is has been used in a Gupta coin. This was a new trim started by Kumaragupta. Peacock / Kartikeya Type Elephant rider Type The king is shown on the observe holding a goad in his right hand and is seen seated on an elephant. Behind him is an attendant holding an comprehensive over him. The reverse shows goddess Lakshmi standing on a lotus flower and also holding a lotus in her left hand.\r\nKumaragupta’s gold coins were more skilful and refined. Though gold was the chief metal used, he even issued silver coins. Silver Coins Kumaragupta I issued silver coins in abundance. His silver coins are classified in 4 categories or classes with some varieties in each. The coins in the class I class was similar to Chandragupta II. The obverse had traces of corrupt Greek garner and a well executed garuda was shown on the reverse. In class II, one can see that the features of the Ksatrapas are done outside with. Also the Greek letters from the obverse and the garuda from the reverse are omitted.\r\nClass III label the return of Kushana features. The Greek letters are reframed and well executed and the garuda is seen with all body, no neck and prominent wings on the obverse. On the reverse a legend is inscribed. In the class IV coins all Ksatrapa features were omitted. The obverse was changed by eliminating Greek letters and transposition them with a Brahmi date. A peacock that is the vehicle of the god Kartikeya of whom Kumaragupta was a devotee was shown. afterward on class V of coins was introduced. They were silver plated and had a c opper core. This lead to the debasement of silver. Copper Coins Coins of Skandagupta\r\nSkandagupta, the son of Kumaragupta reigned from 455 A. D to 467 A. D. He was considered the sole hero of this dynasty. The Junagadh pillar inscription and the Bhitari pillar inscription gives us a diminutive account about the life, succession, history and achievements of Skandagupta. Although the standard of coins decreased, the outlet of new coins did not. He issued different types of coins both in gold and silver. Archer Type On the observe, the king is seen holding a bow and arrow with a garuda to his right. The reverse shows goddess Lakshmi with a lotus with the legend Sri Skandagupta. This is the most common type of gold coin.\r\nKing and Lakshmi Type On the observe he king is shown with a bow, arrow and a lady who is not the queen, but is goddess Lakshmi, with a garuda between them. On the reverse, again we can see goddess Lakshmi with a lotus in one hand. This type of coin is also calle d the King and Queen Type. Some historians say that they are or so similar to the Chandragupta type coins of Samudragupta, but this is not entirely true. Silver Coins Mainly 3 types; Garuda, Bull and Archer type. Coins of other Gupta Emperors mintage of the Guptas was at its peak during the reign of Samudragupta, Chandragupta II Vikramaditya, Kumaragupta I and Skandagupta.\r\nAfter these rulers, the Gupta coinage saw a downward graph. After Skandagupta, Purugupta also issued gold coins of the Archer type. He also issued the Horseman type of coins. Kumaragupta II succeeded Purugupta. He took an active interest in issuing coins. He promoted minting of coins even during the lean days of the empire. Once again we see that his most commonly issued coins were of the Archer type. The reign of Buddhagupta is very important in the history of Gupta coinage because it is the rediscovery of the pride and prestige of the Gupta coinage after the dark ages it went through. He issued rare silver coins.\r\nThough the coins of the later Guptas reflect the go under of the dynasty and the art of coinage, one can see evidently that each ruler try his best to continue the tradition of issuing coins of various types and forms. Conclusion A detailed study of the Gupta coinage get words the outstanding features of the Gupta dynasty. The part of the Guptas to the field of coinage was remarkable and greatly appreciated. Though the art of coinage started very early, it reached its zenith in the classical age of the Guptas. The donation of the gupta coins is of great help in the reconstruction of the history of ancient India.\r\nIt not only serves as the numismatical evidence but also gives us an insight into the political, social, economic, cultural and ghostlike life of that age. These coins give us cognition about the various titles which were given to the various Gupta rulers, like, Vikramaditya, Maharajadhiraja, etc. Coins also reveal label of some unknown rulers. They also reveal the names of their queens, their sons and other family members. The coins also help us to fix the chronology and they give us dates and periods and other details. For example, Coins of Samudragupta give us require dates of the various events that took place during his rule.\r\nThe coins tell us about the territorial expansion of the empire. The economic advancement can also be gauged as per the number of gold coins found. These coins also throw some light on the dress, ornaments, furniture, weapons and general lifestyle of that time. The tiger slayer and lion slayer type of coins tells us about the passion of hunting of the rulers. The equestrian and elephant type of coins reveal the love for riding and the lyrist type shows us the musical side of Samudragupta. Gupta coins are finally studied as pieces of art as they are the finest examples of Numismatic Art in India.\r\nEven though other dynasties issued coins they lacked the style and technique, skill and quality of the Guptas that are considered, so far, as the best Indian works in the field of coinage in Indian history. Hence, they are right quoted as the landmark in the field of ancient Indian coinage. Bibliography ?Samel, Elements of Archaeology, Museology & Library Sciences, Manan Prakashan, Mumbai, 2007 ? Parmeshwari Lal Gupta, Coins, subject field Book trust, India, 1969 ? A. S. Altekar, Coinage of the Gupta Empire, Numismatics night club of India, India.\r\n'